Replication Data for: Fear of Terrorism and Support for Nondemocratic Rule in Democracies (doi:10.7910/DVN/1BKRXX)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
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Document Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: Fear of Terrorism and Support for Nondemocratic Rule in Democracies

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/1BKRXX

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Date of Distribution:

2023-05-08

Version:

Bibliographic Citation:

Piazza, James, 2023, "Replication Data for: Fear of Terrorism and Support for Nondemocratic Rule in Democracies", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/1BKRXX, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:jRZu0+Vnl7TbHCgJXrsjqA== [fileUNF]

Study Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: Fear of Terrorism and Support for Nondemocratic Rule in Democracies

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/1BKRXX

Authoring Entity:

Piazza, James (The Pennsylvania State University)

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Access Authority:

Interactions, International

Depositor:

Interactions, International

Date of Deposit:

2023-04-19

Holdings Information:

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/1BKRXX

Study Scope

Keywords:

Social Sciences, Authoritarianism, Outgroups, Racism, Xenophobia, Terrorism, Conflict, Democracy

Abstract:

Does fear of terrorism prompt some residents of democracies to abandon the ideal of democratic rule and instead endorse nondemocratic governance? If so, why? In this study, I theorize that fear of terrorism triggers intolerance of outgroups which, in turn, contributes to the erosion of pro-democratic norms and embrace of authoritarian rule. I test this argument using an original survey of the U.S. and an investigation of cross-national survey results from 23 democracies. I find that individuals who fear terrorism are more likely to endorse nondemocratic governance and the effect of fear of terrorism on support for authoritarianism is mediated through increased racism and xenophobia.

Methodology and Processing

Sources Statement

Data Access

Other Study Description Materials

File Description--f7072004

File: US Survey, Fear of Terrorism.tab

Number of cases: 2488
No. of variables per record: 23
Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:2nkvkxpHZykfqsh10KKYCw==

File Description--f7072002

File: WVS, Fear of Terrorism.tab

Number of cases: 76897
No. of variables per record: 32
Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:C9u6RVTyhO2yJ1LMMta/EA==

Variable Description

List of Variables:

conservatism - Conservative
news_frequency - News Frequency
age_n - Age
male - Male
household_income - Household Income
xenophobia - xenophobia additive measure, see do file
south - South
west - West
midwest - Midwest
unemployed - Unemployed
education_n - Education Level
strongman - Anti-Democracy Attitudes
passed_attncheck2
christian - Christian
social_media - Relies on Social Media
white_nonhisp - White, non-Hispanic
cable - Relies on Cable News
religious_person - Religious
politically_engaged - Politically Engaged
gov_noconfidence
terror_afraid
strongman_bi - coded 1 for somewhat or strongly agree strongman, Demo_5
authoritarian_personality
B_COUNTRY_ALPHA - ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code
ccode
strongman - Q235, having strong leader not bother parl and elections
worry_terrorist - Q147 worried about a terrorist attack
age - Q262, age
male - Q260, respondent's sex
income - Q288 household income group 1-10
unemployed - Q279 employment status
education - Q275 highest education level achieved
right - Q240 place views on left-right scale
christian - Q289 catholic, prot, ortho, other christian
muslim
buddhist
pray_daily - Q172, how often do you pray?
democracy
majority - member of majority ethnic, linguistic or sectarian group
attacks3yrs - count of terrorist attacks in country past three years
lnattacks_threeyrs - log +10 attacks past three years
strongman_bi
mistrust_xeno
noconfidence_gov
authoritarian_personality
politically_engaged - coded 1 for always or usually vote, petition, demons, campaign, encourage vote
social_media - frequency obtain news from social media Q207
polity_v
age_of_dem - age of democracy, polity
proportional_elect - proportional election system, Borman and Golder 2022
parliametnary_sys - parliamentary system, QoG
left_party_gov - exec controlled by left
rol_cleaned
gdp_cleaned
unemployment_cleaned

Variables

Conservative

f7072004 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
1.	Extremely liberal	244
7.	Extremely conservative	206
5.	Slightly conservative	203
6.	Conservative	326
2.	Liberal	322
4.	Moderate, middle of the road	788
3.	Slightly liberal	205

Summary Statistics: Valid 2294.0; StDev 1.7528141265450023; Max. 7.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 3.9529206625980833

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zD6vd57Y9sihSczyJhgSBA==

News Frequency

f7072004 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
3.	At least once a month	146
5.	Several times per week	388
1.	Never	122
6.	At least once a day	665
4.	At least once a week	320
2.	Less than once a month	127
7.	Multiple times a day	491

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.7117063834684116; Mean 5.073483842408145; Min. 1.0; Max. 7.0; Valid 2259.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9CTeo1E69XYx8vVkGPBCWQ==

Age

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 98.0; Mean 45.49879421221866; Min. 18.0; Valid 2488.0; StDev 17.037365171156203;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0dLId6OG5xJG6iwHO62i5A==

Male

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.5000292509321358; Mean 0.4915594855305468; Max. 1.0; Valid 2488.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:A/n7o9pyfz8AEO48PXDy7A==

Household Income

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Valid 2405.0; StDev 6.964437103786817; Max. 24.0; Mean 8.888565488565487

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:1dkSTtdljBz8KTl94WVnUQ==

xenophobia additive measure, see do file

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 11.181367690782954; Max. 20.0; StDev 3.5116930128001718; Min. 4.0; Valid 2018.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ly8oIVonWVcm1LigglkVog==

South

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 2488.0; StDev 0.4791851972421154; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.35691318327974286; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:nSwEMejWnepHJxrO06K0bg==

West

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.3866440283859136; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.18287781350482268; Valid 2488.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zNzWrAINRDWH2U9uHCLUKw==

Midwest

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.38431825168845063; Valid 2488.0; Mean 0.18006430868167206; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Cpvm2tw9m9SmvfIO7iRIGg==

Unemployed

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 2488.0; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.10892282958199352; StDev 0.3116049954249992

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:d1kMFytgP5bsLn+VgDUzeA==

Education Level

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 1.9791156892413682; Valid 2462.0; Mean 4.436230706742487; Max. 8.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:xazYUQHodq8S1Gsh2WwNZg==

Anti-Democracy Attitudes

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 2033.0; Mean 2.6187899655681255; StDev 1.3055684463738089; Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YslyyVV/zP5SkRqFGtX+sQ==

passed_attncheck2

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 2488.0; StDev 0.42264833790057366; Mean 0.7672829581993573

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:/6CEvRy/mQ+++1U1HdXhoA==

Christian

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 2488.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4937899545682324; Mean 0.5791800643086815

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gFSLrUE5BSNgx0xQczw2GQ==

Relies on Social Media

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.400883742993563; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.20106288751107176; Max. 1.0; Valid 2258.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:a3FT8UX8h+rafmQwwMUegA==

White, non-Hispanic

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; StDev 0.4734058908708298; Valid 2488.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.6611736334405146

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:6Clagjp1dA+xoIuo7ClN3A==

Relies on Cable News

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.3088401267789625; Mean 0.10673162090345407; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 2258.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:FRwLE3oBaswuIJo0hV4YBw==

Religious

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 4.145761935300295; Max. 12.0; Mean 5.734726688102892; Min. 0.0; Valid 2488.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:yI90tA54Kr/OK1nVVFrkvA==

Politically Engaged

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.47683731290573883; Mean 0.34927652733118975; Max. 1.0; Valid 2488.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:M+Lvgke1nqneGWYdQ7lm5g==

gov_noconfidence

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 4.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.8389874390747866; Valid 2033.0; Mean 2.677324151500246

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HDogqn3KbSe2wW64rBnTEg==

terror_afraid

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 5.7089041095890405; Valid 2044.0; StDev 1.4701796709610868; Max. 8.0; Min. 2.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:d+eqz7b8NEkC1w+H7hCMEw==

coded 1 for somewhat or strongly agree strongman, Demo_5

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.441508572280619; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.26512543039842607; Valid 2033.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Xi3aW2tJn5QsEpSFkOYIAg==

authoritarian_personality

f7072004 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Valid 2488.0; StDev 1.7008039802241677; Mean 0.1326366559485535; Min. -5.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2QjhXIjCSnbd3DV7IHcBDw==

ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code

f7072002 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:rsl3S4qh0bB2r6T+Z98rUg==

ccode

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 2.0; StDev 300.0857424954682; Mean 488.21195885408906; Valid 76897.0; Max. 920.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:CU+wDQIymZK/9nhNkzX61w==

Q235, having strong leader not bother parl and elections

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.067710287870069; Max. 4.0; Mean 2.4782032888200654; Min. 1.0; Valid 72488.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:BBFtNpQODbL/tc3ab5mrSw==

Q147 worried about a terrorist attack

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 74909.0; Mean 2.9488979962355395; Max. 4.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.051513856098084

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:BjQQa6xhM5/1IuSxGxZ5wA==

Q262, age

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 43.01547421616927; Max. 103.0; StDev 16.367456536048092; Valid 76579.0; Min. 16.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:wbMOfoJgKBl8u5xa4R986Q==

Q260, respondent's sex

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.49939718628636287; Mean 0.47538915692419936; Valid 76897.0; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:JfbnKbGt/ytVNTo/TooEVQ==

Q288 household income group 1-10

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -5.0; StDev 2.2778371765377883; Valid 76897.0; Mean 4.654017712004335; Max. 10.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:g+hWHU4Em/X6cfYP6oUSjQ==

Q279 employment status

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.26500246425109925; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.07600163048479835; Valid 76051.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:QWAnH5GgSbaOve/oqX0q3A==

Q275 highest education level achieved

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 76278.0; Max. 8.0; StDev 2.0255917332588074; Mean 3.504129631086241; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2xGi4FThadsOy+tri4tvEA==

Q240 place views on left-right scale

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 2.4394709692689043; Valid 52433.0; Max. 10.0; Mean 5.660366563042389

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:RCB8y61lIk/kiKUojXgPiA==

Q289 catholic, prot, ortho, other christian

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 3.0; Valid 76897.0; StDev 0.5716754941011092; Mean 0.4211867823192264

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9QrXb2mGcO3E0zw1UnmDjg==

muslim

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Mean 0.2819484920812693; Valid 75833.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.44995134143361726

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KPcqz1VgB9h8qP4uUiDsMQ==

buddhist

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.06506402225939863; Min. 0.0; Valid 75833.0; StDev 0.24664042135068598; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:w2FtmfUEl4x56x6CEEG95Q==

Q172, how often do you pray?

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 8.0; Valid 75841.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 5.324375997151926; StDev 2.7098697997139647

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ZZgdxJLdsn1XMwcI8jZkXA==

democracy

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.6135870059949878; StDev 0.48693025725279304; Max. 1.0; Valid 76897.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ut2934Bbv3qirwAT2FeTRw==

member of majority ethnic, linguistic or sectarian group

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 76897.0; Mean 0.7614731393942623; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.42618559269398476

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tIBZxHYt0xpea5DdkDkngA==

count of terrorist attacks in country past three years

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 314.0448522049473; Valid 76897.0; Max. 7307.0; StDev 991.304761136216;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LrrPt6jl7qBiREIXktRVmg==

log +10 attacks past three years

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 8.897955894470215; StDev 1.6274653637982084; Valid 76897.0; Min. 2.3025851249694824; Mean 4.043187254037744;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:oUtCr2Oo5cUQK/EZ2ykZHg==

strongman_bi

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.49821982631953743; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.5421928033603536; Valid 76897.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:BvYZ4x2g2ce7PDcwWZs2fQ==

mistrust_xeno

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 8.0; Min. 2.0; StDev 1.578190705363361; Mean 5.516714996990744; Valid 73108.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:njMfDQ/3Hs+m2N2byVkqVw==

noconfidence_gov

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.9899272314946386; Mean 2.581962686064507; Min. 1.0; Valid 74235.0; Max. 4.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:DQzOhPI0Malrq53PPNxRnw==

authoritarian_personality

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Valid 75324.0; StDev 1.6537311677077358; Min. -5.0; Mean 0.731639318145656;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:cDJmmgxlID+5poNsrJmgDQ==

coded 1 for always or usually vote, petition, demons, campaign, encourage vote

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 71810.0; StDev 0.4971297262299229; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.44646985099573616

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:c6Pzk7WMRJMqIdkgMr3XBg==

frequency obtain news from social media Q207

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.2318860281123065; Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0; Valid 73562.0; StDev 1.8107557677551565

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LhshC24sCxUb2cLIjdQu4g==

polity_v

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 10.0; Min. -7.0; StDev 5.796007083839242; Mean 4.680750125578562; Valid 71668.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:MZHWqee31zYXCBeWx1sRuA==

age of democracy, polity

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 50.94041815092722; Valid 76897.0; Mean 30.757103658132003; Max. 208.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:3u9gBx8GAPRozILwKlu65A==

proportional election system, Borman and Golder 2022

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 76897.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.25245458210328914; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.43442343435704084;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fszPFeMv1T/FZKavA2oRHg==

parliamentary system, QoG

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.17606668660682223; Valid 76897.0; StDev 0.38087937068311783; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PAgmJTJmms87nbwgTpInxA==

exec controlled by left

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 76897.0; Mean 0.252363551243857; StDev 0.4343715493695224; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fEhVGl3pKrJZfDVxb/iHWg==

rol_cleaned

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.050999999046325684; StDev 0.2947601546159293; Max. 0.9879999756813049; Valid 73743.0; Mean 0.5830432722130792;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Mg+P49cqlNGZbXh70gUyAQ==

gdp_cleaned

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 25079.085918334855; Mean 27820.714619185328; Min. 2311.699951171875; Valid 73171.0; Max. 129103.0078125;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:w7y2HUykztSq2Ut/S8ydoA==

unemployment_cleaned

f7072002 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.75; Mean 6.171325055486749; Valid 74670.0; StDev 3.9008853402896624; Max. 17.239999771118164

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WrJNz9p9GMfXnU6EOeY6qg==

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Fear of Terrorism and Support for Non Democratic Rule, II, Do File, Final.do

Notes:

application/x-stata-syntax