Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, (PEI-2.5) (doi:10.7910/DVN/26663)

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Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, (PEI-2.5)

doi:10.7910/DVN/26663

Harvard Dataverse

2014-08-03

2

Norris, Pippa; Martinez i Coma, Ferran; Frank, Richard W., 2014, "Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, (PEI-2.5)", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/26663, Harvard Dataverse, V2, UNF:5:Avr5LVRS3G6r+9XASzZNVA== [fileUNF]

Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, (PEI-2.5)

doi:10.7910/DVN/26663

Norris, Pippa (Harvard and Sydney Universities)

Martinez i Coma, Ferran (University of Sydney)

Frank, Richard W. (University of Sydney)

Electoral Integrity Project

2014-07-09

Harvard Dataverse

Harvard Dataverse Network

Richard W Frank

2014-07-09

2014-07-09

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/26663

Social Sciences, elections, electoral integrity

This report by the Electoral Integrity Project evaluates the quality of elections held around the world. Based on a survey collecting the views of election experts, this research provides independent and reliable evidence to compare whether countries meet international standards of electoral integrity. This mid-year update to the 2014 survey release covers 93 national parliamentary and presidential contests held worldwide in 84 countries from July 1, 2012 to June 30, 2014. It collected assessments from 1,037 election experts, with a mean response rate of 31%.The study collects 49 indicators to compare elections and countries around the globe. These indicators are clustered to evaluate eleven stages in the electoral cycle as well as generating an overall summary Perception of Electoral Integrity (PEI) 100-point index and comparative ranking.

2012-07-01-2014-06-30

global

nation-state

<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0">CC0 1.0</a>

• Number of cases: 1037

• No. of variables per record: 168

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:5:0WvuKDGvdOegkzZh4L/6Zg==

Expert-level dataset (Stata 13 format)

• Number of cases: 1037

• No. of variables per record: 168

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:5:0WvuKDGvdOegkzZh4L/6Zg==

Expert-level dataset (SPSS format)

• Number of cases: 84

• No. of variables per record: 181

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:5:oHfnNTOu8jTiUCeOtBf1WQ==

Country-level (SPSS format)

• expert - Expert Reference number
• election - Election country and date
• country - Country name
• ccode - COW country code
• Refno - Norris country identifier
• year - Year
• date - Date of the election
• office - Elected office: Pres.=1, 0 otherwise
• COUNTRYDATA - COUNTRY DATA
• PR - Freedom House Political Rights Scale, 1yr. lag
• CL - Freedom House Civil Liberties Scale, 1yr. lag
• fhcategory - Freedom House Score (Free,Partially Free, Not Free), 1yr. lag
• polity - Polity combined score (-10->+10), 1 year lag
• polity2 - Polity combined score with mean subst for missing codes, 1 year lag
• durable - # years since the last regime transition (3pt or greater), 1 year lag
• development - World Bank income level (Low, lower-middle, upper-middle, high)
• gdp_pc_ppp - GDP per capita,PPP,const 2011intl$, 2yr.lag(WB)
• region9 - Geographic region (World Bank classification, 1-9)
• oecd - OECD country (0/1)
• OVERALLINTEGRITY - OVERALL INTEGRITY RATING
• rating - Rate electoral integrity of the election (1=very poor->10=very good
• PEIIndexp - PEI index of electoral integrity, individual
• PEIIndexi - PEI index of electoral integrity, imputed
• LAWS - ELECTORAL LAWS SECTION
• lawsunfair - 1-1a. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (1-5)[N]
• lawsunfair2 - 1-1b. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (Reversed coding)
• favoredincumbent - 1-2a. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (1-5)[N]
• favoredincumbent2 - 1-2b. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (Reversed coding)
• citizens - 1-3a. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (1-5)[N]
• citizens2 - 1-3b. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (Reversed coding)
• laws - 1-4. Electoral laws index (20-100)
• lawsi - 1-4i. Electoral laws index (20-100), imputed
• PROCEDURES - ELECTORAL PROCEDURES SECTION
• managed - 2-1. Elections were well managed (1-5)[P]
• votinginfo - 2-2. Information about voting procedures was widely available (1-5)[P]
• fairofficials - 2-3. Election officials were fair (1-5)[P]
• legalelections - 2-4. Elections were conducted in accordance with the law (1-5)[P]
• procedures - 2-5. Electoral procedures index (25-100)
• proceduresi - 2-5i. Electoral procedures index (25-100), imputed
• BOUNDARIES - BOUNDARIES FOR VOTING DISTRICTS SECTION
• bdiscrim - 3-1a. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (1-5)[N]
• bdiscrim2 - 3-1b. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (Reversed coding)
• bfavored - 3-2a. Boundaries favored incumbents (1-5)[N]
• bfavored2 - 3-2b. Boundaries favored incumbents (Reversed coding)
• bimpartial - 3-3. Boundaries were impartial (1-5)[P]
• boundaries - 3-4. Voting district boundaries index (20-100)
• boundariesi - 3-4i. Voting district boundaries index (20-100), imputed
• VOTERREGISTRATION - VOTER REGISTRATION SECTION
• reglisted - 4-1a. Some citizens were not listed in the register (1-5)[N]
• reglisted2 - 4-1b. Some citizens were not listed in the register (Reversed coding)
• reginaccurate - 4-2a. The electoral register was inaccurate (1-5)[N]
• reginaccurate2 - 4-2b. The electoral register was inaccurate (Reversed coding)
• ineligible - 4-3a. Some ineligible electors were registered (1-5)[N]
• ineligible2 - 4-3b. Some ineligible electors were registered (Reversed coding)
• votereg - 4-4. Voter registration index (20-100)
• voteregi - 4-4i. Voter registration index (20-100), imputed
• PARTYREGISTRATION - PARTY AND CANDIDATE REGISTRATION SECTION
• oppprevent - 5-1a. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (1-5)[N]
• oppprevent2 - 5-1b. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (Reversed coding)
• womenopp - 5-2. Women had equal opportunities to run for office (1-5)[P]
• minorityopp - 5-3. Ethnic and national minorities had equal opportunities to run for office (1
• leaderselect - 5-4a. Only top party leaders selected candidates (1-5)[N]
• leaderselect2 - 5-4b. Only top party leaders selected candidates (Reversed coding)
• rallies - 5-5a. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (1-5
• rallies2 - 5-5b. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (Rev
• partyreg - 5-6. Party and candidate registration index (20-100)
• partyregi - 5-6i. Party and candidate registration index (20-100), imputed
• MEDIACOVERAGE - MEDIA COVERAGE SECTION
• newspapers - 6-1. Newspapers provided balanced election news (1-5)[P]
• tv - 6-2a. TV news favored the governing party (1-5)[N]
• tv2 - 6-2b. TV news favored the governing party (Reversed coding)
• fairaccess - 6-3. Parties/candidates had fair access to political broadcasts and advertising
• faircoverage - 6-4. Journalists provided fair coverage of the elections (1-5)[P]
• socialmedia - 6-5. Social media were used to expose electoral fraud (1-5)[P]
• media - 6-6. Media coverage index (20-100)
• mediai - 6-6i. Media coverage index (20-100), imputed
• CAMPAIGNFINANCE - CAMPAIGN FINANCE SECTION
• subsidies - 7-1. Parties/candidates had equitable access to public political subsidies(1-5)[
• donations - 7-2. Parties/candidates had equitable access to political donations(1-5)[P]
• accounts - 7-3. Parties/candidates publish transparent financial accounts(1-5)[P]
• rich - 7-4a. Rich people buy elections (1-5)[N]
• rich2 - 7-4b. Rich people buy elections (Reversed coding)
• resources - 7-5a. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (1-5)[N]
• resources2 - 7-5b. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (Reversed coding
• finance - 7-6. Campaign finance index (20-100)
• financei - 7-6i. Campaign finance index (20-100), imputed
• VOTINGPROCESS - VOTING PROCESS SECTION
• violence - 8-1a. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls(1-5)[N]
• violence2 - 8-1b. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls (Reversed coding)
• fraudulent - 8-2a. Some fraudulent votes were cast (1-5)[N]
• fraudulent2 - 8-2b. Some fraudulent votes were cast (Reversed coding)
• easy - 8-3. The process of voting was easy (1-1)[Y]
• choice - 8-4. Voters were offered a genuine choice at the ballot box (1-5)[P]
• postal - 8-5. Postal ballots were available (1-5)[P]
• disabled - 8-6. Special voting facilities were available for the disabled (1-5)[P]
• expats - 8-7. National citizens living abroad could vote (1-5)[P]
• internet - 8-8. Some form of internet voting was available (1-5)[P]
• voting - 8-9. Voting process index (20-100)
• votingi - 8-9i. Voting process index (20-100), imputed
• VOTECOUNT - THE VOTE COUNT SECTION
• secure - 9-1. Ballot boxes were secure (1-5)[P]
• delay - 9-2. The results were announced without undue delay (1-5)[P]
• faircount - 9-3. Votes were counted fairly (1-5)[P]
• intlmonitors - 9-4a. Int'l election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• intlmonitors2 - 9-4b. Int'l election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• domesticmonitors - 9-5a. Domestic election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• domesticmonitors2 - 9-5b. Domestic election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• count - 9-6. Vote count index (20-100)
• counti - 9-6i. Vote count index (20-100), imputed
• VOTINGRESULTS - VOTING RESULTS SECTION
• challenged - 10-1a. Parties/candidates challenged the results (1-5)[N]
• challenged2 - 10-1b. Parties/candidates challenged the results (Reversed coding)
• protestspeace - 10-2a. The election led to peaceful protests (1-5)[N]
• protestspeace2 - 10-2b. The election led to peaceful protests (Reversed coding)
• protestsviolent - 10-3a. The election triggered violent protests (1-5)[N]
• protestsviolent2 - 10-3b. The election triggered violent protests (Reversed coding)
• disputes - 10-4. Any disputes were resolved through legal channels (1-5)[P]
• results - 10-5. Results index (25-100)
• resultsi - 10-5i. Results index (25-100), imputed
• ELECTIONAUTHORITIES - ELECTORAL AUTHORITIES SECTION
• impartial - 11-1. The election authorities were impartial (1-5)[P]
• info - 11-2. The authorities distributed information to citizens (1-5)[P]
• scrutiny - 11-3. The authorities allowed public scrutiny of their performance (1-5)[P]
• performance - 11-4. The election authorities performed well (1-5)[P]
• EMBs - 11-5. Electoral authorities index (25-100)
• EMBsi - 11-5i. Electoral authorities index (25-100), imputed
• GENERALQUESTIONS - GENERAL ELECTION QUESTIONS
• familiarity - 13-1. How familiar are you with elections in this country?
• important - 13-2. Which election (if more than 1) was most important
• ORGCONFIDENCE - ORGANIZATIONAL CONFIDENCE SECTION
• courts - 14-1. Confidence in the courts (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• government - 14-2. Confidence in the government (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• parliament - 14-3. Confidence in the parliament (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• armedforces - 14-4. Confidence in the armed forces (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• police - 14-5. Confidence in the police (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• electoralauth - 14-6. Confidence in the elect.authorities (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• television - 14-7. Confidence in television (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• press - 14-8. Confidence in the press (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• parties - 14-9. Confidence in political parties (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• BACKGROUND - EXPERT BACKGROUND SECTION
• expertdomestic - 15-0. % domestic experts evaluation this election
• employment - 15-1. Employment type
• public - 15-2. Works (or has worked) in the government public sector
• university - 15-3. Works (or has worked) in a university
• nonprofit - 15-4. Works (or has worked) in private non-profit sector/NGOs
• agency - 15-5. Works (or has worked) in an international agency
• private - 15-6. Works (or has worked) in an private business or industry
• occupation - 15-7. Most recent occupation
• agegroup - 15-8. Expert's age group (by decade)
• sex - 15-9. Sex (1=female; 0=male)
• education - 15-10. Highest level of education
• born - 15-11. Were you born in this country?
• lived - 15-12. # years lived in this country
• candidate - 15-13. Expert was a candidate for elected office
• rep - 15-14. Expert was an elected representative
• activist - 15-15. Expert was an election activist
• ngo - 15-16. Expert was election NGO watch personnel
• voted - 15-17. Expert voted in this election
• norole - 15-18. Expert did not participate in any role in this election
• monitor - 15-19. Expert was a national official electoral monitor
• official - 15-20. Expert was an election official
• citizen - 15-21. Expert is a citizen of this country
• supported - 15-22. Support the winning or losing side
• leftrightscale - 15-23. Political views on 10pt left/right scale
• VIGNETTES - VIGNETTES SECTION
• vignetteA - 16-1. Vignette A (Queues)
• vignetteB - 16-2. Vignette B (Boycotts)
• vignetteC - 16-3. Vignette C (Violence)
• expert - Expert Reference number
• election - Election country and date
• country - Country name
• ccode - COW country code
• Refno - Norris country identifier
• year - Year
• date - Date of the election
• office - Elected office: Pres.=1, 0 otherwise
• COUNTRYDATA - COUNTRY DATA
• PR - Freedom House Political Rights Scale, 1yr. lag
• CL - Freedom House Civil Liberties Scale, 1yr. lag
• fhcategory - Freedom House Score (Free,Partially Free, Not Free), 1yr. lag
• polity - Polity combined score (-10->+10), 1 year lag
• polity2 - Polity combined score with mean subst for missing codes, 1 year lag
• durable - # years since the last regime transition (3pt or greater), 1 year lag
• development - World Bank income level (Low, lower-middle, upper-middle, high)
• gdp_pc_ppp - GDP per capita,PPP,const 2011intl$, 2yr.lag(WB)
• region9 - Geographic region (World Bank classification, 1-9)
• oecd - OECD country (0/1)
• OVERALLINTEGRITY - OVERALL INTEGRITY RATING
• rating - Rate electoral integrity of the election (1=very poor->10=very good
• PEIIndexp - PEI index of electoral integrity, individual
• PEIIndexi - PEI index of electoral integrity, imputed
• LAWS - ELECTORAL LAWS SECTION
• lawsunfair - 1-1a. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (1-5)[N]
• lawsunfair2 - 1-1b. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (Reversed coding)
• favoredincumbent - 1-2a. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (1-5)[N]
• favoredincumbent2 - 1-2b. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (Reversed coding)
• citizens - 1-3a. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (1-5)[N]
• citizens2 - 1-3b. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (Reversed coding)
• laws - 1-4. Electoral laws index (20-100)
• lawsi - 1-4i. Electoral laws index (20-100), imputed
• PROCEDURES - ELECTORAL PROCEDURES SECTION
• managed - 2-1. Elections were well managed (1-5)[P]
• votinginfo - 2-2. Information about voting procedures was widely available (1-5)[P]
• fairofficials - 2-3. Election officials were fair (1-5)[P]
• legalelections - 2-4. Elections were conducted in accordance with the law (1-5)[P]
• procedures - 2-5. Electoral procedures index (25-100)
• proceduresi - 2-5i. Electoral procedures index (25-100), imputed
• BOUNDARIES - BOUNDARIES FOR VOTING DISTRICTS SECTION
• bdiscrim - 3-1a. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (1-5)[N]
• bdiscrim2 - 3-1b. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (Reversed coding)
• bfavored - 3-2a. Boundaries favored incumbents (1-5)[N]
• bfavored2 - 3-2b. Boundaries favored incumbents (Reversed coding)
• bimpartial - 3-3. Boundaries were impartial (1-5)[P]
• boundaries - 3-4. Voting district boundaries index (20-100)
• boundariesi - 3-4i. Voting district boundaries index (20-100), imputed
• VOTERREGISTRATION - VOTER REGISTRATION SECTION
• reglisted - 4-1a. Some citizens were not listed in the register (1-5)[N]
• reglisted2 - 4-1b. Some citizens were not listed in the register (Reversed coding)
• reginaccurate - 4-2a. The electoral register was inaccurate (1-5)[N]
• reginaccurate2 - 4-2b. The electoral register was inaccurate (Reversed coding)
• ineligible - 4-3a. Some ineligible electors were registered (1-5)[N]
• ineligible2 - 4-3b. Some ineligible electors were registered (Reversed coding)
• votereg - 4-4. Voter registration index (20-100)
• voteregi - 4-4i. Voter registration index (20-100), imputed
• PARTYREGISTRATION - PARTY AND CANDIDATE REGISTRATION SECTION
• oppprevent - 5-1a. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (1-5)[N]
• oppprevent2 - 5-1b. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (Reversed coding)
• womenopp - 5-2. Women had equal opportunities to run for office (1-5)[P]
• minorityopp - 5-3. Ethnic and national minorities had equal opportunities to run for office (1
• leaderselect - 5-4a. Only top party leaders selected candidates (1-5)[N]
• leaderselect2 - 5-4b. Only top party leaders selected candidates (Reversed coding)
• rallies - 5-5a. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (1-5
• rallies2 - 5-5b. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (Rev
• partyreg - 5-6. Party and candidate registration index (20-100)
• partyregi - 5-6i. Party and candidate registration index (20-100), imputed
• MEDIACOVERAGE - MEDIA COVERAGE SECTION
• newspapers - 6-1. Newspapers provided balanced election news (1-5)[P]
• tv - 6-2a. TV news favored the governing party (1-5)[N]
• tv2 - 6-2b. TV news favored the governing party (Reversed coding)
• fairaccess - 6-3. Parties/candidates had fair access to political broadcasts and advertising
• faircoverage - 6-4. Journalists provided fair coverage of the elections (1-5)[P]
• socialmedia - 6-5. Social media were used to expose electoral fraud (1-5)[P]
• media - 6-6. Media coverage index (20-100)
• mediai - 6-6i. Media coverage index (20-100), imputed
• CAMPAIGNFINANCE - CAMPAIGN FINANCE SECTION
• subsidies - 7-1. Parties/candidates had equitable access to public political subsidies(1-5)[
• donations - 7-2. Parties/candidates had equitable access to political donations(1-5)[P]
• accounts - 7-3. Parties/candidates publish transparent financial accounts(1-5)[P]
• rich - 7-4a. Rich people buy elections (1-5)[N]
• rich2 - 7-4b. Rich people buy elections (Reversed coding)
• resources - 7-5a. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (1-5)[N]
• resources2 - 7-5b. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (Reversed coding
• finance - 7-6. Campaign finance index (20-100)
• financei - 7-6i. Campaign finance index (20-100), imputed
• VOTINGPROCESS - VOTING PROCESS SECTION
• violence - 8-1a. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls(1-5)[N]
• violence2 - 8-1b. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls (Reversed coding)
• fraudulent - 8-2a. Some fraudulent votes were cast (1-5)[N]
• fraudulent2 - 8-2b. Some fraudulent votes were cast (Reversed coding)
• easy - 8-3. The process of voting was easy (1-1)[Y]
• choice - 8-4. Voters were offered a genuine choice at the ballot box (1-5)[P]
• postal - 8-5. Postal ballots were available (1-5)[P]
• disabled - 8-6. Special voting facilities were available for the disabled (1-5)[P]
• expats - 8-7. National citizens living abroad could vote (1-5)[P]
• internet - 8-8. Some form of internet voting was available (1-5)[P]
• voting - 8-9. Voting process index (20-100)
• votingi - 8-9i. Voting process index (20-100), imputed
• VOTECOUNT - THE VOTE COUNT SECTION
• secure - 9-1. Ballot boxes were secure (1-5)[P]
• delay - 9-2. The results were announced without undue delay (1-5)[P]
• faircount - 9-3. Votes were counted fairly (1-5)[P]
• intlmonitors - 9-4a. Int'l election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• intlmonitors2 - 9-4b. Int'l election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• domesticmonitors - 9-5a. Domestic election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• domesticmonitors2 - 9-5b. Domestic election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• count - 9-6. Vote count index (20-100)
• counti - 9-6i. Vote count index (20-100), imputed
• VOTINGRESULTS - VOTING RESULTS SECTION
• challenged - 10-1a. Parties/candidates challenged the results (1-5)[N]
• challenged2 - 10-1b. Parties/candidates challenged the results (Reversed coding)
• protestspeace - 10-2a. The election led to peaceful protests (1-5)[N]
• protestspeace2 - 10-2b. The election led to peaceful protests (Reversed coding)
• protestsviolent - 10-3a. The election triggered violent protests (1-5)[N]
• protestsviolent2 - 10-3b. The election triggered violent protests (Reversed coding)
• disputes - 10-4. Any disputes were resolved through legal channels (1-5)[P]
• results - 10-5. Results index (25-100)
• resultsi - 10-5i. Results index (25-100), imputed
• ELECTIONAUTHORITIES - ELECTORAL AUTHORITIES SECTION
• impartial - 11-1. The election authorities were impartial (1-5)[P]
• info - 11-2. The authorities distributed information to citizens (1-5)[P]
• scrutiny - 11-3. The authorities allowed public scrutiny of their performance (1-5)[P]
• performance - 11-4. The election authorities performed well (1-5)[P]
• EMBs - 11-5. Electoral authorities index (25-100)
• EMBsi - 11-5i. Electoral authorities index (25-100), imputed
• GENERALQUESTIONS - GENERAL ELECTION QUESTIONS
• familiarity - 13-1. How familiar are you with elections in this country?
• important - 13-2. Which election (if more than 1) was most important
• ORGCONFIDENCE - ORGANIZATIONAL CONFIDENCE SECTION
• courts - 14-1. Confidence in the courts (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• government - 14-2. Confidence in the government (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• parliament - 14-3. Confidence in the parliament (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• armedforces - 14-4. Confidence in the armed forces (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• police - 14-5. Confidence in the police (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• electoralauth - 14-6. Confidence in the elect.authorities (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• television - 14-7. Confidence in television (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• press - 14-8. Confidence in the press (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• parties - 14-9. Confidence in political parties (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• BACKGROUND - EXPERT BACKGROUND SECTION
• expertdomestic - 15-0. % domestic experts evaluation this election
• employment - 15-1. Employment type
• public - 15-2. Works (or has worked) in the government public sector
• university - 15-3. Works (or has worked) in a university
• nonprofit - 15-4. Works (or has worked) in private non-profit sector/NGOs
• agency - 15-5. Works (or has worked) in an international agency
• private - 15-6. Works (or has worked) in an private business or industry
• occupation - 15-7. Most recent occupation
• agegroup - 15-8. Expert's age group (by decade)
• sex - 15-9. Sex (1=female; 0=male)
• education - 15-10. Highest level of education
• born - 15-11. Were you born in this country?
• lived - 15-12. # years lived in this country
• candidate - 15-13. Expert was a candidate for elected office
• rep - 15-14. Expert was an elected representative
• activist - 15-15. Expert was an election activist
• ngo - 15-16. Expert was election NGO watch personnel
• voted - 15-17. Expert voted in this election
• norole - 15-18. Expert did not participate in any role in this election
• monitor - 15-19. Expert was a national official electoral monitor
• official - 15-20. Expert was an election official
• citizen - 15-21. Expert is a citizen of this country
• supported - 15-22. Support the winning or losing side
• leftrightscale - 15-23. Political views on 10pt left/right scale
• VIGNETTES - VIGNETTES SECTION
• vignetteA - 16-1. Vignette A (Queues)
• vignetteB - 16-2. Vignette B (Boycotts)
• vignetteC - 16-3. Vignette C (Violence)
• country - Country name
• ccode - COW country code
• Refno - Norris reference number
• office - Legis.elec=0, 1=Pres, 2=both
• numresponses - PEI expert responses, by country (2012-2013)
• contacted - PEI experts invited, by country (2012-2013)
• responserate - PEI response rate, by country (2012-2013)
• COUNTRYDATA - COUNTRYDATA
• PR - Freedom House Political Rights Scale
• CL - Freedom House Civil Liberties Scale
• fhcategory - Freedom House category (Free,Partially Free, Not Free)
• polity - Polity combined score (-10->+10)
• polity2 - Polity combined score (-10>+10), mean substitution
• durable - # years since last major Polity shift (+/- 3 pts)
• development - World Bank income level (Low, lower-middle, upper-middle, high)
• gdp_pc_ppp - GDP per capita, PPP,const2011intl$
• region - World Bank region (1-9)
• oecd - OECD country (0/1)
• OVERALLINTEGRITY - (first) OVERALLINTEGRITY
• PEIIndexp - PEI index of electoral integrity, individual
• PEIIndexp_lci - PEI Index (individual), low ci
• PEIIndexp_hci - PEI Index (individual), high ci
• PEIIndexi - PEI index of electoral integrity, imputed
• PEIIndexi_lci - PEI Index (imputed), low ci
• PEIIndexi_hci - PEI Index (imputed), high ci
• PEIIndex_rank - Rank of countries according to PEI experts
• PEItype - PEI Index type (high, medium, low)
• rating - Rate electoral integrity of the election (1=very poor->10=very good
• rating_lci - Individuals' rating, low ci
• rating_hci - Individuals' rating, high ci
• LAWS - ELECTORAL LAWS SECTION
• lawsunfair - 1-1a. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (1-5)[N]
• lawsunfair2 - 1-1b. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (Reversed coding)
• favoredincumbent - 1-2a. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (1-5)[N]
• favoredincumbent2 - 1-2b. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (Reversed coding)
• citizens - 1-3a. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (1-5)[N]
• citizens2 - 1-3b. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (Reversed coding)
• laws - 1-4. Electoral laws index (20-100)
• lawsi - 1-4i. Electoral laws index (20-100), imputed
• PROCEDURES - ELECTORAL PROCEDURES SECTION
• managed - 2-1. Elections were well managed (1-5)[P]
• votinginfo - 2-2. Information about voting procedures was widely available (1-5)[P]
• fairofficials - 2-3. Election officials were fair (1-5)[P]
• legalelections - 2-4. Elections were conducted in accordance with the law (1-5)[P]
• procedures - 2-5. Electoral procedures index (25-100)
• proceduresi - 2-5i. Electoral procedures index (25-100), imputed
• BOUNDARIES - BOUNDARIES FOR VOTING DISTRICTS SECTION
• bdiscrim - 3-1a. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (1-5)[N]
• bdiscrim2 - 3-1b. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (Reversed coding)
• bfavored - 3-2a. Boundaries favored incumbents (1-5)[N]
• bfavored2 - 3-2b. Boundaries favored incumbents (Reversed coding)
• bimpartial - 3-3. Boundaries were impartial (1-5)[P]
• boundaries - 3-4. Voting district boundaries index (20-100)
• boundariesi - 3-4i. Voting district boundaries index (20-100), imputed
• VOTERREGISTRATION - VOTER REGISTRATION SECTION
• reglisted - 4-1a. Some citizens were not listed in the register (1-5)[N]
• reglisted2 - 4-1b. Some citizens were not listed in the register (Reversed coding)
• reginaccurate - 4-2a. The electoral register was inaccurate (1-5)[N]
• reginaccurate2 - 4-2b. The electoral register was inaccurate (Reversed coding)
• ineligible - 4-3a. Some ineligible electors were registered (1-5)[N]
• ineligible2 - 4-3b. Some ineligible electors were registered (Reversed coding)
• votereg - 4-4. Voter registration index (20-100)
• voteregi - 4-4i. Voter registration index (20-100), imputed
• PARTYREGISTRATION - PARTY AND CANDIDATE REGISTRATION SECTION
• oppprevent - 5-1a. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (1-5)[N]
• oppprevent2 - 5-1b. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (Reversed coding)
• womenopp - 5-2. Women had equal opportunities to run for office (1-5)[P]
• minorityopp - 5-3. Ethnic and national minorities had equal opportunities to run for office (1
• leaderselect - 5-4a. Only top party leaders selected candidates (1-5)[N]
• leaderselect2 - 5-4b. Only top party leaders selected candidates (Reversed coding)
• rallies - 5-5a. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (1-5
• rallies2 - 5-5b. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (Rev
• partyreg - 5-6. Party and candidate registration index (20-100)
• partyregi - 5-6i. Party and candidate registration index (20-100), imputed
• MEDIACOVERAGE - MEDIA COVERAGE SECTION
• newspapers - 6-1. Newspapers provided balanced election news (1-5)[P]
• tv - 6-2a. TV news favored the governing party (1-5)[N]
• tv2 - 6-2b. TV news favored the governing party (Reversed coding)
• fairaccess - 6-3. Parties/candidates had fair access to political broadcasts and advertising
• faircoverage - 6-4. Journalists provided fair coverage of the elections (1-5)[P]
• socialmedia - 6-5. Social media were used to expose electoral fraud (1-5)[P]
• media - 6-6. Media coverage index (20-100)
• mediai - 6-6i. Media coverage index (20-100), imputed
• CAMPAIGNFINANCE - CAMPAIGN FINANCE SECTION
• subsidies - 7-1. Parties/candidates had equitable access to public political subsidies(1-5)[
• donations - 7-2. Parties/candidates had equitable access to political donations(1-5)[P]
• accounts - 7-3. Parties/candidates publish transparent financial accounts(1-5)[P]
• rich - 7-4a. Rich people buy elections (1-5)[N]
• rich2 - 7-4b. Rich people buy elections (Reversed coding)
• resources - 7-5a. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (1-5)[N]
• resources2 - 7-5b. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (Reversed coding
• finance - 7-6. Campaign finance index (20-100)
• financei - 7-6i. Campaign finance index (20-100), imputed
• VOTINGPROCESS - VOTING PROCESS SECTION
• violence - 8-1a. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls(1-5)[N]
• violence2 - 8-1b. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls (Reversed coding)
• fraudulent - 8-2a. Some fraudulent votes were cast (1-5)[N]
• fraudulent2 - 8-2b. Some fraudulent votes were cast (Reversed coding)
• easy - 8-3. The process of voting was easy (1-1)[Y]
• choice - 8-4. Voters were offered a genuine choice at the ballot box (1-5)[P]
• postal - 8-5. Postal ballots were available (1-5)[P]
• disabled - 8-6. Special voting facilities were available for the disabled (1-5)[P]
• expats - 8-7. National citizens living abroad could vote (1-5)[P]
• internet - 8-8. Some form of internet voting was available (1-5)[P]
• voting - 8-9. Voting process index (20-100)
• votingi - 8-9i. Voting process index (20-100), imputed
• VOTECOUNT - THE VOTE COUNT SECTION
• secure - 9-1. Ballot boxes were secure (1-5)[P]
• delay - 9-2. The results were announced without undue delay (1-5)[P]
• faircount - 9-3. Votes were counted fairly (1-5)[P]
• intlmonitors - 9-4a. Int'l election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• intlmonitors2 - 9-4b. Int'l election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• domesticmonitors - 9-5a. Domestic election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• domesticmonitors2 - 9-5b. Domestic election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• count - 9-6. Vote count index (20-100)
• counti - 9-6i. Vote count index (20-100), imputed
• VOTINGRESULTS - VOTING RESULTS SECTION
• challenged - 10-1a. Parties/candidates challenged the results (1-5)[N]
• challenged2 - 10-1b. Parties/candidates challenged the results (Reversed coding)
• protestspeace - 10-2a. The election led to peaceful protests (1-5)[N]
• protestspeace2 - 10-2b. The election led to peaceful protests (Reversed coding)
• protestsviolent - 10-3a. The election triggered violent protests (1-5)[N]
• protestsviolent2 - 10-3b. The election triggered violent protests (Reversed coding)
• disputes - 10-4. Any disputes were resolved through legal channels (1-5)[P]
• results - 10-5. Results index (25-100)
• resultsi - 10-5i. Results index (25-100), imputed
• ELECTIONAUTHORITIES - ELECTORAL AUTHORITIES SECTION
• impartial - 11-1. The election authorities were impartial (1-5)[P]
• info - 11-2. The authorities distributed information to citizens (1-5)[P]
• scrutiny - 11-3. The authorities allowed public scrutiny of their performance (1-5)[P]
• performance - 11-4. The election authorities performed well (1-5)[P]
• EMBs - 11-5. Electoral authorities index (25-100)
• EMBsi - 11-5i. Electoral authorities index (25-100), imputed
• GENERALQUESTIONS - GENERAL ELECTION QUESTIONS
• familiarity - 13-1. How familiar are you with elections in this country?
• important - 13-2. Which election (if more than 1) was most important
• ORGCONFIDENCE - ORGANIZATIONAL CONFIDENCE SECTION
• courts - 14-1. Confidence in the courts (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• government - 14-2. Confidence in the government (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• parliament - 14-3. Confidence in the parliament (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• armedforces - 14-4. Confidence in the armed forces (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• police - 14-5. Confidence in the police (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• electoralauth - 14-6. Confidence in the elect.authorities (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• television - 14-7. Confidence in television (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• press - 14-8. Confidence in the press (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• parties - 14-9. Confidence in political parties (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• BACKGROUND - EXPERT BACKGROUND SECTION
• expertdomestic - % domestic experts surveyed in this country
• employment - 15-1. Employment type
• public - 15-2. Works (or has worked) in the government public sector
• university - 15-3. Works (or has worked) in a university
• nonprofit - 15-4. Works (or has worked) in private non-profit sector/NGOs
• agency - 15-5. Works (or has worked) in an international agency
• private - 15-6. Works (or has worked) in an private business or industry
• occupation - 15-7. Most recent occupation
• agegroup - 15-8. Expert's age group (by decade)
• sex - 15-9. Sex (1=female; 0=male)
• education - 15-10. Highest level of education
• born - 15-11. Were you born in this country?
• lived - 15-12. # years lived in this country
• candidate - 15-13. Expert was a candidate for elected office
• rep - 15-14. Expert was an elected representative
• activist - 15-15. Expert was an election activist
• ngo - 15-16. Expert was election NGO watch personnel
• voted - 15-17. Expert voted in this election
• norole - 15-18. Expert did not participate in any role in this election
• monitor - 15-19. Expert was a national official electoral monitor
• official - 15-20. Expert was an election official
• citizen - 15-21. Expert is a citizen of this country
• supported - 15-22. Support the winning or losing side
• leftrightscale - 15-23. Political views on 10pt left/right scale
• VIGNETTES - VIGNETTES SECTION
• vignetteA - 16-1. Vignette A (Queues)
• vignetteB - 16-2. Vignette B (Boycotts)
• vignetteC - 16-3. Vignette C (Violence)
• ELECTIONRESULT - ELECTIONRESULT
• DatePrevious - Date of previous election
• RegVote - Registered Voters (mean value if more than one election in year)
• ValidVote - Valid Votes(mean value if more than one election in year)
• Invalid - Invalid/Blank Votes(mean value if more than one election in year)
• Turnout - Turnout (mean value if more than one election in year)

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