Replication Data for: Why can’t a woman be more like a man? Female leaders in crisis bargaining (doi:10.7910/DVN/8PXVU3)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
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Document Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: Why can’t a woman be more like a man? Female leaders in crisis bargaining

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/8PXVU3

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Date of Distribution:

2020-03-09

Version:

1

Bibliographic Citation:

Abigail S. Post; Paromita Sen, 2020, "Replication Data for: Why can’t a woman be more like a man? Female leaders in crisis bargaining", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/8PXVU3, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:JF4tmxQ3hBKR99TXgRLnkg== [fileUNF]

Study Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: Why can’t a woman be more like a man? Female leaders in crisis bargaining

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/8PXVU3

Authoring Entity:

Abigail S. Post (a Anderson University)

Paromita Sen (SEWA Bharat)

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Access Authority:

Interactions, International

Depositor:

Interactions, International

Date of Deposit:

2020-03-09

Holdings Information:

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/8PXVU3

Study Scope

Keywords:

Social Sciences, Gender; bargaining; military dispute; stereotypes; leaders; foreign policy

Abstract:

What is the impact of gender on international affairs? In this paper, we argue that existing theories of international relations often miss the crucial role of gendered perceptions in politics. We draw on research in experimental psychology and the comparative politics of gendered leadership to understand how gender influences reactions to female foreign policy. We argue that female leaders in particular face gender stereotypes that cause dispute opponents to underestimate their resolve during bargaining. Using data on the gender of leaders in militarized disputes, we find evidence of gender biases in bargaining interactions: Female-led states are more likely to have their disputes reciprocated and are consequently more likely to forcefully escalate a dispute than male-led governments. These findings point to the importance of stereotypes and cognitive biases when studying how the increasing heterogeneity of policymakers—and especially world leaders— impacts foreign policy.

Methodology and Processing

Sources Statement

Data Access

Notes:

<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0">CC0 1.0</a>

Other Study Description Materials

File Description--f3754533

File: PostSen-GenderLeadership-II.tab

  • Number of cases: 1337

  • No. of variables per record: 30

  • Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:JF4tmxQ3hBKR99TXgRLnkg==

Variable Description

List of Variables:

Variables

DispNum3

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1337.0; StDev 701.6549998754881; Max. 4599.0; Min. 2054.0; Mean 3786.161555721764

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:/s8v9uVUuzX+dyEks9t0IQ==

DispNum4

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1337.0; Mean 8026.187733732281; Max. 71002.0; Min. -9.0; StDev 18106.297220052107;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:E59F4godvhD6Zy/APihj8A==

StAbb

f3754533 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:GCmgvPsltnSTucsTn600RA==

Challenger COW

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 490.03964098728005; Max. 986.0; Min. 2.0; StDev 235.9597976817794; Valid 1337.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J2xRPXOdMmkqV70xhsK24Q==

StDay

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -9.0; Mean 14.860882572924451; Max. 31.0; StDev 10.011524951535193; Valid 1337.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:nSpAaulX2OMimjA3yLFdaw==

StMon

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 6.293193717277486; Max. 12.0; Valid 1337.0; StDev 3.3349748024916024; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:FFyLu3L4Rhzy6wfUj7sWlQ==

StYear

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1994.1278982797307; Valid 1337.0; Min. 1980.0; StDev 8.249983187887313; Max. 2010.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:A6812ndrySapyVFnwzRQcg==

EndDay

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1337.0; Min. -9.0; Mean 13.084517576664174; Max. 31.0; StDev 11.224553707098123

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:31BQDNPaIbo+8cJUGHAReg==

EndMon

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Valid 1337.0; StDev 3.3674014674945956; Max. 12.0; Mean 6.428571428571432

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:maHdnLPm4bF9PHFOm6okww==

EndYear

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1994.5272999252056; StDev 8.268295516190795; Max. 2010.0; Valid 1337.0; Min. 1980.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:akA9qcGKz8jEjubf1I2ThA==

SideA

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Valid 1337.0; StDev 0.0; Mean 1.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:N2ysq6KCPUdJyXp94ttAEg==

Challenger Hostility Levels

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1337.0; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 3.4846671652954386; StDev 0.7843604496890075;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Ag956o9kPGjYR7pPaaKA0w==

Orig

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1337.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.3175499410441927; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.8863126402393413

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dkXIbn+szzdwhg3khMZF1w==

StAbb

f3754533 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:l8yR3ZXsyUC4vUx6F3Id6g==

Target COW

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1337.0; Min. 2.0; Mean 486.34629768137705; StDev 239.96320617439483; Max. 940.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:t/9v9fskFn0x+TSBQsfTyQ==

Target Hostility Levels

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.3582647718773364; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.4098114215080808; Valid 1337.0; Max. 5.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rHsoMtgReniIWR19X9HA4g==

Outcome

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 8.0; StDev 2.083964324146246; Mean 4.432311144353027; Valid 1337.0; Min. -9.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:hRVL/XuXXgjHbB0A0rcqLQ==

NumA

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1337.0; StDev 7.202852551307253; Max. 38.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 3.3006731488406915

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:NhfXSD5YoxW3Lcl7opDIMQ==

NumB

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 38.0; Valid 1337.0; Mean 3.407629020194467; StDev 7.838701496784094

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:05kaRnHGWnULpwjzCkSkGw==

Coalition

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.1278804356508048; Mean 1.4246088469661526; Min. 1.0; Max. 6.164413928985596; Valid 1337.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:etO/G+fOeXp0AgjjkFle3A==

country

f3754533 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

33.

CANADA

13

148.

PAPUA N.GUINEA

3

107.

LIBERIA

3

165.

SENEGAL

4

177.

SRI LANKA

2

20.

BELIZE

4

171.

SLOVAK REPUBLIK

1

43.

CONGO, REP.

0

22.

BHUTAN

0

134.

NEPAL

1

89.

IRELAND

3

158.

RWANDA

7

63.

ETHIOPIA (INCL. ERIT)

0

96.

KENYA

8

5.

ANGOLA

10

35.

CENTRAL AFR.R.

2

58.

EL SALVADOR

2

62.

ETHIOPIA

17

45.

COTE D'IVOIRE

2

56.

ECUADOR

6

214.

YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC

0

199.

UGANDA

14

201.

UNITED ARAB E.

4

198.

TUVALU

0

167.

SEYCHELLES

0

174.

SOMALIA

2

9.

AUSTRALIA

4

163.

SAUDI ARABIA

8

105.

LEBANON

1

172.

SLOVENIA

1

159.

SAMOA, W

0

69.

GEORGIA

2

219.

KOSOVO

0

74.

GREAT COLOMBIA

0

65.

FINLAND

1

178.

ST.KITTS&NEVIS

0

52.

DJIBOUTI

1

180.

ST.VINCENT&GRE

2

157.

RUSSIA

63

37.

CHAD

9

38.

CHILE

2

13.

BAHAMAS

0

187.

TAIWAN

14

92.

JAMAICA

2

160.

SAN MARINO

0

6.

ANTIGUA

2

137.

NICARAGUA

13

140.

NORWAY

8

149.

PARAGUAY

0

99.

KOREA, NORTH

27

188.

TAJIKISTAN

7

39.

CHINA

43

194.

TUNISIA

2

86.

INDONESIA

11

131.

MYANMAR

21

212.

WUTTEMBERG

0

49.

CZECH REPUBLIC

2

61.

ESTONIA

1

196.

TURKMENISTAN

1

1.

AFGHANISTAN

7

50.

CZECH REPUBLIK

5

211.

VIETNAM, SOUTH

0

200.

UKRAINE

3

138.

NIGER

2

7.

ARGENTINA

11

32.

CAMEROON

7

15.

BANGLADESH

4

168.

SICILY

0

8.

ARMENIA

11

152.

PHILIPPINES

6

170.

SINGAPORE

0

79.

GUINEA-BISS

0

129.

MOROCCO

9

29.

BURKINA FASO

0

120.

MAURITANIA

1

146.

PANAMA

2

209.

VIETNAM

0

67.

GABON

0

130.

MOZAMBIQUE

3

48.

CYPRUS

1

185.

SWITZERLAND

2

76.

GRENADA

0

16.

BARBADOS

2

218.

ZIMBABWE

3

103.

LAOS

3

155.

QATAR

4

117.

MALI

3

164.

SAXONY

0

84.

ICELAND

2

192.

TONGA

0

191.

TOGO

3

113.

MADAGASCAR

0

175.

SOUTH AFRICA

14

210.

VIETNAM, NORTH

0

208.

VENEZUELA

16

12.

BADEN

0

60.

ERITREA

11

75.

GREECE

11

133.

NAURU

0

124.

MODENA

0

111.

LUXEMBOURG

2

206.

UZBEKISTAN

8

41.

COMOROS

0

142.

ORANGE FREE STATE

0

169.

SIERRA LEONE

4

3.

ALGERIA

1

193.

TRINIDAD&TOBAGO

0

2.

ALBANIA

6

98.

KOREA

0

23.

BOLIVIA

0

64.

FIJI

0

109.

LIECHSTENSTEIN

0

156.

ROMANIA

2

112.

MACEDONIA

2

217.

ZAMBIA

3

42.

CONGO, DEM REP (ex Zaire)

16

179.

ST.LUCIA

2

144.

PAKISTAN (INCL. BANGLAD.)

0

18.

BELARUS

1

108.

LIBYA

24

100.

KOREA, SOUTH

10

151.

PERU

5

116.

MALDIVES

0

93.

JAPAN

11

204.

URUGUAY

0

25.

BOTSWANA

1

54.

DOMINICAN REP.

4

145.

PALAU

1

110.

LITHUANIA

2

197.

TUSCANY

0

186.

SYRIA

16

78.

GUINEA

4

127.

MONGOLIA

0

14.

BAHRAIN

2

94.

JORDAN

29

82.

HONDURAS

9

10.

AUSTRIA

1

21.

BENIN

0

17.

BAVARIA

0

97.

KIRIBATI

0

34.

CAPE VERDE IS.

0

147.

PAPAL STATES/ VAT

0

115.

MALAYSIA

12

27.

BRUNEI

0

24.

BOSNIA

0

85.

INDIA

26

135.

NETHERLANDS

8

51.

DENMARK

5

121.

MAURITIUS

0

176.

SPAIN

7

122.

MEXICO

0

91.

ITALY

6

68.

GAMBIA

0

72.

GERMANY, WEST

1

28.

BULGARIA

3

182.

SURINAME

2

125.

MOLDOVA

1

81.

HAITI

0

128.

MONTENEGRO

0

59.

EQUATORIAL G

1

40.

COLOMBIA

9

203.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

68

101.

KUWAIT

7

126.

MONACO

0

184.

SWEDEN

1

118.

MALTA

0

154.

PORTUGAL

4

88.

IRAQ

76

104.

LATVIA

0

66.

FRANCE

21

166.

SERBIA

0

47.

CUBA

2

119.

MARSHALL ISL

0

114.

MALAWI

0

87.

IRAN

106

161.

SAO TOME

0

19.

BELGIUM

5

77.

GUATEMALA

3

136.

NEW ZEALAND

1

123.

MICRONESIA, FED

0

26.

BRAZIL

2

31.

CAMBODIA

1

36.

CENTRAL AMERICAN UNION

0

202.

UNITED KINGDOM

18

71.

GERMANY, EAST

0

189.

TANZANIA

3

183.

SWAZILAND

1

57.

EGYPT

12

190.

THAILAND

7

4.

ANDORRA

0

139.

NIGERIA

6

46.

CROATIA

6

83.

HUNGARY

5

153.

POLAND

4

141.

OMAN

3

181.

SUDAN

12

30.

BURUNDI

2

195.

TURKEY

49

102.

KYRGYZTAN

6

90.

ISRAEL

25

143.

PAKISTAN

12

132.

NAMIBIA

2

95.

KAZAKHSTAN

2

44.

COSTA RICA

2

55.

EAST TIMOR

0

162.

SARDINIA

0

216.

YUGOSLAVIA

3

213.

YEMEN

1

11.

AZERBAIJAN

4

173.

SOLOMON IS.

0

73.

GHANA

3

53.

DOMINICA

2

150.

PARMA

0

70.

GERMANY

5

205.

USSR

0

207.

VANUATU

0

106.

LESOTHO

1

80.

GUYANA

0

215.

YEMEN PEOPLE REPUBLIC

3

Summary Statistics: Max. 218.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 59.067830087508554; Mean 112.73815261044172; Valid 1245.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:NpojQoNLpqym0tA5R1XamQ==

Revision Type

f3754533 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

3.

Leadership

61

2.

Policy

592

1.

Territory

184

0.

Other

500

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 3.0; Mean 1.160059835452506; Valid 1337.0; StDev 0.9870976005764314

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:33nwRN3t4LqizaxydYTrLg==

Alliance

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.303664921465969; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 1337.0; StDev 0.46001174962604885

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:igEKxSqv8tkHEFZNzZSqvQ==

Contiguous

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.5001835930565167; Valid 1337.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.4981301421091995

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:o+BKYINkU2ZLqALrT+Nb7Q==

Capability Ratio

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.5658747295832335; Max. 0.9999241828918457; Min. 1.0912814468611032E-4; StDev 0.3164204579306342; Valid 1337.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:67jTzQFOkYEtQu23s5dv2A==

Nondemocratic Challenger

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1337.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.49157740114135845; Mean 0.5923709798055332; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:FFhGrwZvzQf3hTI2vbGIGQ==

Dispute Reciprocation

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1337.0; Mean 0.5100972326103218; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.500085088089177

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:hxQKa0jo07e+07d7mda1Yw==

Nuclear Challenger

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 1337.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.23111443530291848; StDev 0.4217031687022943;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fez99yGCUaAAIY+h+knZTA==

Nondemocratic Target

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.5688622754491021; Min. 0.0; Valid 1336.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.4954207311648622;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:cee8NuRa76T6Urw8wT2Atg==

Female Leader

f3754533 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Mean 0.024682124158563967; Valid 1337.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.15521254960847453

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2oph7GEKM/ymhUSMlzrMaQ==

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

PostSen-GenderLeadership-II.do

Notes:

application/x-stata-syntax