When Politicians Behave Badly: Political, Democratic, and Social Consequences of Political Incivility (doi:10.7910/DVN/AJLO8J)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
Entire Codebook

When Politicians Behave Badly: Political, Democratic, and Social Consequences of Political Incivility

doi:10.7910/DVN/AJLO8J

Harvard Dataverse

2024-07-23

1

Bøggild, Troels; Jensen, Carsten, 2024, "When Politicians Behave Badly: Political, Democratic, and Social Consequences of Political Incivility", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AJLO8J, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:015arRu8oMP+WEK3QJXdlg== [fileUNF]

When Politicians Behave Badly: Political, Democratic, and Social Consequences of Political Incivility

doi:10.7910/DVN/AJLO8J

Bøggild, Troels (Aarhus University)

Jensen, Carsten (Aarhus University)

Bøggild, Troels

Harvard Dataverse

Bøggild, Troels

Bøggild, Troels

2024-02-18

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AJLO8J

Social Sciences, political incivility, political trust, satisfaction with democracy, policy compliance, diffuse support, public opinion, political psychology, rally around the flag, covid19, natural experiments, difference-in-differences, panel data

Many citizens find politics too uncivil, and incivility is often considered a source of political disaffection. However, research studying these effects almost exclusively relies on survey experiments, which yield contrasting results depending on design choices and do not study downstream consequences for satisfaction with democracy and compliance with public policy. We present a theoretical argument on these downstream consequences and study how citizens respond to political incivility in their real-life information environment using a multi-wave survey panel of 6,055 Danish citizens with 18,805 interviews spanning 18 months. Using generalized difference-in-differences models and a natural experiment, we demonstrate non-trivial adverse effects of political incivility on political trust, satisfaction with democracy, and intentions to comply with policies, while intentions to vote are unaffected. Our results highlight how elite rhetoric shapes support for the political system and policy compliance and pinpoint the potential and pitfalls of survey experiments and our own panel approach.

This dataset underwent an independent verification process, complying with the AJPS Verification Policy updated June 2023, which replicated the tables and figures in the primary article. For the supplementary materials, verification was performed solely for the successful execution of the code. The verification process was carried out by the Cornell Center for Social Sciences at Cornell University. <br></br> The associated article has been awarded the Open Materials Badge. Learn more about the Open Practice Badges from the <a href="https://www.cos.io/">Center for Open Science</a>. <br></br> <img src="https://socialsciences.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-04/materials_large_color.png" alt="Open Materials Badge " width="60" height="60"> <br></br> Open Materials Badge

Author created datasets. See the readme.txt file for the complete list of datasets and codebook.pdf for contents.

The <i>American Journal of Political Science</i> and the Cornell Center for Social Sciences are not responsible for the accuracy or quality of data uploaded within the <i>AJPS</i> Dataverse, for the use of those data, or for interpretations or conclusions based on their use.

Bøggild, Troels and Carsten Jensen. [date]. When Politicians Behave Badly: Political, Democratic, and Social Consequences of Political Incivility. American Journal of Political Science, forthcoming

Bøggild, Troels and Carsten Jensen. [date]. When Politicians Behave Badly: Political, Democratic, and Social Consequences of Political Incivility. American Journal of Political Science, forthcoming

• Number of cases: 18805

• No. of variables per record: 41

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:2r06Kx41xeeuJh5IeUtu3Q==

• Number of cases: 515

• No. of variables per record: 5

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:FuBRRz+O5EjjOFk1NFcW2Q==

• Number of cases: 118

• No. of variables per record: 6

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:A/d6VYeMJ1I/RINfWv4DbA==

• Number of cases: 1470

• No. of variables per record: 4

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:/3uS9UnpT5GuzWFBiWYp6g==

• Number of cases: 5543

• No. of variables per record: 11

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:FmE3a337er3aH9FUykysMQ==

• unique_key - ID of respondent
• wave - Wave in which observation was made
• subsample - Subsample in which observation was made
• sample - Sample in which observation was made
• nwave - Number of waves respondent participated in
• edate - Time of interviews - Stata format
• age - Age of respondent
• gender - Gender of respondent
• education - Education of respondent - nominal scale
• region - Region of respondent
• vote_choice - Vote choice of respondent (2019 election)
• q1_1 - Conflict on health issue
• q1_2 - Conflict on immigration issue
• q1_3 - Conflict on environment issue
• q1_4 - Conflict on pensions issue
• q2 - Perception economy
• q3 - Left-right placement
• q4_1 - Government handling health issue
• q4_2 - Government handling immigration issue
• q4_3 - Government handling environment issue
• q4_4 - Government handling pensions issue
• q4_5 - Government handling economy
• q5_1 - Understanding economic politics
• q5_2 - Understanding economic politics
• q5_3 - Politicians care
• q5_4 - Influence politics
• q6 - Interest in politics
• q7_1 - Incivility 1
• q7_2 - Incivility 2
• q7_3 - Incivility 3
• q7_4 - Incivility 4
• q7_5 - Incivility 5
• q8 - Trust in politicians
• q9 - Satisfaction with democracy
• q10 - Concerned own health
• q11 - Family at risk
• q12_1 - Comply guidelines 1
• q12_2 - Comply guidelines 2
• q12_3 - Comply guidelines 3
• q12_4 - Comply guidelines 4
• q13 - Vote intention
• Q1_1 - Some people think that the tone in political debates between politicians has bec
• Q1_2 - Some people think that the tone in political debates between politicians has bec
• Q1_3 - Some people think that the tone in political debates between politicians has bec
• Q1_4 - Some people think that the tone in political debates between politicians has bec
• Q1_5 - Some people think that the tone in political debates between politicians has bec
• legislation_no - Legislation number according to www.ft.dk
• title - Title of legislation according to www.ft.dk
• edate - Date legislation passed - Stata format
• right_wing_one_or_more - Support from at least one right-wing party
• no_right_wing_parties - Number of right-wing parties supporting legislation
• prop_right_wing_parties - Proportion of supporting parties from right wing
• id - ID of media article
• edate - Date media article published
• tone - Tone toward Social Democrats
• incivility - Incivility toward Social Democrats
• unique_key - ID of respondent
• q1_1 - Conflict on health issue
• q1_2 - Conflict on immigration issue
• q1_3 - Conflict on environment issue
• q1_4 - Conflict on pensions issue
• q2_1 - Incivility 1
• q2_2 - Incivility 2
• q2_3 - Incivility 3
• q2_4 - Incivility 4
• q2_5 - Incivility 5
• edate - Time of interviews - Stata format

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Valid 18805.0; StDev 1710.5525135660976; Max. 6055.0; Mean 2915.1686785429465;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:MXhP+tUhWUSv5NbHSztBiA==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.5131613932466665; Max. 6.0; Valid 18805.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.5029219317261546

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:myFu2aS1u7by5mIEsPpjqQ==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1.7760170167509264; StDev 0.8323196453602459; Max. 3.0; Min. 1.0; Valid 18805.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LgoWo2dqHBDkSM4XA2h8nA==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 3.466931628747664; Valid 18805.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 5.90656740228724; Max. 12.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KGGAwXoW9WTdl1lplfTf6A==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.923796862536516; Valid 18805.0; StDev 1.6715807300256127; Max. 6.0; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Ed9wZ9qVCHGx86ulreg03g==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 22217.0; StDev 175.79514365675675; Valid 18688.0; Mean 21860.437607020507; Min. 21682.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Q77/uo77sllMC3q7hO+FAQ==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 3.3863978904983747; Valid 18805.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 7.2584950810954965; Max. 15.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zYjRhodgLgDxaajmCAMaGA==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1.4581228396703014; Valid 18805.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.4982564653112141; Max. 2.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9js5J3hMBuAUsIl+tUsM2g==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.8847843524710264; Mean 4.243658601435779; Min. 1.0; Valid 18805.0; Max. 8.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:NlMuBUBKWmid/QfSZhwS2w==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Valid 18805.0; Mean 2.7173092262696117; Max. 5.0; StDev 1.3777414288384018;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:X0vwGdNTOhgmq5YNw5ypVA==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 19.0; StDev 4.7675836023203635; Valid 16881.0; Mean 6.363544813695871

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2zsf87wIzPLKfDLk1vwwVg==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 4.614570592927351; Max. 8.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.7163888318434324; Valid 18805.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HdxIbc0l1s9ANnUcteriIg==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 8.0; Mean 5.930816272268016; StDev 1.453435805908385; Min. 1.0; Valid 18805.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dIilEW3GJEcYYy1f76jumw==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 4.6250997075246; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.7621694193340804; Max. 8.0; Valid 18805.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:/u/X3tYSOOno0keGM89vOg==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 5.171550119649012; Valid 18805.0; Min. 1.0; Max. 8.0; StDev 1.6378801931204303;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:015AnNb9vG1wrb1PSAzzjw==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 1.4969997463856726; Valid 18805.0; Max. 8.0; Mean 5.211486306833344;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:BkeuLlwI8AhXD5UKPRO2rg==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 11.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 18805.0; StDev 2.949403150860697; Mean 5.712310555703265;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:r+BthHL3DmS0YPr8TV0aow==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 7972.0; Mean 4.7649272453587495; StDev 1.8331984185643424; Max. 8.0; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KAcb9bZxs6amNaD5WcAgbg==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Mean 4.149899648770699; Valid 7972.0; StDev 2.116594822923411; Max. 8.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ekkxk91ArOD+tP17rytKaA==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Valid 7972.0; StDev 1.8981376104984227; Mean 4.608630205720019; Max. 8.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ZoibaEhsym1SMTno7sH7LQ==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 7972.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 2.134867512058441; Mean 4.51542900150528; Max. 8.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2mZv/FSf7WeTltWFEt+knQ==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.950481088570518; Mean 4.767937782237835; Min. 1.0; Max. 8.0; Valid 7972.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:XDw8gx0Qi4CZQQFqUVEbhw==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 11.0; StDev 2.9478820586247285; Valid 18805.0; Mean 5.504174421696351; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Z9STNUg4vtWxb+TJqX0N4w==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 3.0517467175289785; Mean 4.919329965434685; Max. 11.0; Valid 18805.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Eor52aNfStTiIZOuA9QpEw==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 11.0; Mean 4.482424886998119; Min. 0.0; StDev 3.0433428716033304; Valid 18805.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:jK/kPJzLm+ihsBcAH0kK2w==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 5.134964105291145; Valid 18805.0; Max. 11.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 2.9503033015960534

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WUZlC1w6R5bNCynobjjImA==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 18805.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 2.903589470885402; StDev 0.7933128199570707; Max. 4.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:DA4swTbsHvxahn84KyJ+tA==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 4.395798989630416; Min. 1.0; Valid 18805.0; Max. 8.0; StDev 1.9360531648333292

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zhjgW+HCd/95iteHVSBjyQ==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.6798723743685633; StDev 2.04169513449315; Valid 18805.0; Max. 8.0; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HfUW4jRY0x+Sji32Kj+6GA==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 8.0; StDev 2.0037962090368038; Mean 4.662642914118589; Valid 18805.0; Min. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:qVVKBzf2abDlB28ULS/Epg==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 18805.0; Mean 3.8560489231587463; Max. 8.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.9467398449674433

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:BA3ZumFWlyAHvLnIOYk3Wg==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 18805.0; StDev 2.2306724950088714; Max. 8.0; Mean 4.046796064876358; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:lwB/K46eOdgNA+NItZKYFQ==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 1.6498119359020507; Mean 4.18372773198615; Max. 8.0; Valid 18805.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:IjU/6rmgEIOWe97A7MRZoQ==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.9220148817834122; Mean 3.1367189577240215; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; Valid 18805.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:v35WYYu93N/7gIaTepi9Gw==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 11.0; StDev 3.155013043460835; Mean 5.121598507230603; Valid 6431.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ing864suAnddyF9dQ4/O3w==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 2.0; StDev 0.5194706891158706; Valid 6431.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.6774996112579692

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:3CW8IkqfOGXMwy9WqSp1MA==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 2590.0; Mean 6.493436293436304; Min. 0.0; StDev 3.2926870066599223; Max. 11.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:8HAAepQFSWnA/YV8LaXiwQ==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 7.4822393822393805; Valid 2590.0; StDev 3.0742506403110292; Min. 0.0; Max. 11.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:nF2oSKkPbyvt8HYEUn0W0Q==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 2590.0; Mean 9.004247104247108; StDev 2.073667724104687; Max. 11.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:oA0qwf+0B3zW7bjL132NmQ==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 2590.0; StDev 2.417998604617388; Min. 0.0; Max. 11.0; Mean 8.469884169884171

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:z0/zx4oamp43p2eYjO18qA==

f10364571 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 5.484130517629083; Max. 19.0; Mean 7.561021005051848; Valid 18805.0; Min. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tsOrLeVCMjXnaiapUxNBAQ==

f10364574 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 4.916831683168316; Min. 1.0; Max. 8.0; Valid 505.0; StDev 1.7539676850683448

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:6UkVr0vE8kyDjjyDAuvR4A==

f10364574 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.144554455445545; Valid 505.0; Max. 8.0; StDev 1.840056678708045; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:w+7ocskYtd7fFJ2rXETdHQ==

f10364574 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 8.0; Valid 504.0; StDev 1.6204213185993375; Mean 5.228174603174603

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:orMvBlRA/601Tgo5+EbZjQ==

f10364574 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.6785714285714284; StDev 1.7868130672327605; Min. 1.0; Valid 504.0; Max. 8.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:c560ma24oHnetVBX4+PWJQ==

f10364574 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 8.0; StDev 1.5736103853836299; Mean 5.386904761904762; Valid 504.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:h5XFjE98kqCu4V+bo8Ibhg==

f10364570 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:9DRM6sXvAzn2afomDO3pmw==

f10364570 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:e3yi5piBEC/PDkciV2pSkw==

f10364570 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 21825.0; Valid 118.0; Max. 22188.0; Mean 22011.372881355932; StDev 86.25957611748804

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:noNkVBMrCyc/i61Dtjk3Wg==

f10364570 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.864406779661017; Valid 118.0; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.3438160469519678

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:z99pIJVYJcMA0gmCnMZ/Ow==

f10364570 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.6902717791903061; Max. 7.0; Valid 118.0; Mean 3.2203389830508473; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:/nfSk1DLtG6JNjFr+OY5vA==

f10364570 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.38876935612347163; Valid 118.0; Max. 0.800000011920929; StDev 0.1826608510620085

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:3Pgp9fMeUoNDnvwOPwzWtw==

f10364579 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:1obYT2JE6DlU419MsEDT+Q==

f10364579 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:2reB1ksvY0Hd5K6iQ0Y5Hg==

f10364579 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.5473910313750674; Mean 1.690476190476191; Valid 1470.0; Min. 1.0; Max. 3.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WnpDanrg+Tb4ijYfTCsQZg==

f10364579 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.14809274495138347; StDev 0.3553248034444448; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 1337.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:y9x6/91gP+B9OzerVi/oWg==

f10364569 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Mean 782.9084597113098; Max. 1601.0; Valid 5473.0; StDev 460.5580125853457;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GRmxmTFy4DATcItvdYz3ow==

f10364569 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 1.394500367692522; Max. 7.0; Mean 3.8402355250245326; Valid 5095.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PWTBdVK40bMN+G0R/r4y+w==

f10364569 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5223.0; Max. 7.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.358029616163726; Mean 2.211372774267664

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:hMhcUBCqE5qvDQK0in/pFg==

f10364569 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.45541947203867; Max. 7.0; Valid 5140.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 3.630350194552525;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:qEBI+5IvaELtUQw4wZ5fsg==

f10364569 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 1.3188998596708281; Mean 3.2867932231067574; Valid 4899.0; Max. 7.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:UThG85U2Uerjf3Hy8XBqsA==

f10364569 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5056.0; Max. 7.0; StDev 1.656144841421569; Min. 1.0; Mean 3.8045886075949316

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:udDq0owaebWZEjvcq8QyjA==

f10364569 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 7.0; StDev 1.6454618806066503; Min. 1.0; Valid 5062.0; Mean 3.5361517186882687

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:s+lkEz+p31ucI7nlf5ZeLQ==

f10364569 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4916.0; Max. 7.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.7095747667731578; Mean 4.006305939788453

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:F5/bta6eEu3k+Y//PzeF9w==

f10364569 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.5594355943484155; Min. 1.0; Mean 3.6264583745303516; Valid 5057.0; Max. 7.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:7gDiLqnsBSa0cZb++0C6Zg==

f10364569 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4891.0; Min. 1.0; Max. 7.0; StDev 1.7775411711545173; Mean 3.3584134123901035

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:DpghY6CSDJgupCWwVD49Uw==

f10364569 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:1rk6Yhc8R00jUv4tVeg4UQ==

Label:

Codebook.pdf

application/pdf

Label:

dataset1.do

application/x-stata-syntax

Label:

dataset2.do

application/x-stata-syntax

Label:

dataset3_1.do

application/x-stata-syntax

Label:

dataset3_2.do

application/x-stata-syntax

Label:

dataset3_3.do

application/x-stata-syntax

Label:

dataset4_1.do

application/x-stata-syntax

Label:

dataset4_2.do

application/x-stata-syntax

Label:

dataset5.do

application/x-stata-syntax

Label:

incivility_classifier_procedure.R

type/x-r-syntax

Label:

readme.txt

text/plain