Replication Data for: Analyzing Ballot Order Effects When Voters Rank Candidates (doi:10.7910/DVN/AJXRCV)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
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Document Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: Analyzing Ballot Order Effects When Voters Rank Candidates

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/AJXRCV

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Date of Distribution:

2024-05-13

Version:

1

Bibliographic Citation:

Atsusaka, Yuki, 2024, "Replication Data for: Analyzing Ballot Order Effects When Voters Rank Candidates", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AJXRCV, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:aQmKDIcvzRE9s+QzgzjPtw== [fileUNF]

Study Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: Analyzing Ballot Order Effects When Voters Rank Candidates

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/AJXRCV

Authoring Entity:

Atsusaka, Yuki (University of Houston)

Producer:

<i>Political Analysis</i>

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Access Authority:

Atsusaka, Yuki

Depositor:

Atsusaka, Yuki

Date of Deposit:

2024-03-18

Holdings Information:

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AJXRCV

Study Scope

Keywords:

Social Sciences

Abstract:

How does candidate order on the ballot affect voting behavior when voters rank multiple candidates? I extend the analysis of ballot order effects to electoral systems with ordinal ballots, where voters rank multiple candidates, including ranked-choice voting (RCV). First, I discuss two types of ballot order effects, including "position effects''---voters vote for specific candidates because of their ballot positions---and "pattern ranking''---voters rank candidates geometrically given their grid-style ballots. Next, I discuss experimental designs for identifying and estimating these effects based on ballot order randomization. Moreover, I illustrate the proposed methods by using survey and natural experiments based on mayoral and congressional RCV elections in 2022. I find that while voters seem less susceptible to each ballot position than indicated in previous research, ballot structure can still impact voters' ranking behavior via pattern ranking---even when candidate order is fully randomized. This work has several implications for ballot design, survey research, and ranking data analysis. First, it shows that pattern ranking may affect electoral outcomes in RCV and other systems. Experts have suggested that ballot order randomization may solve the problem. However, this letter demonstrates that pattern ranking may still affect electoral results even when ballot order is fully randomized, which is often considered the best but practically challenging solution. Consequently, we may need to consider an alternative solution to ballot order effects, which does not depend on randomization or rotation. Second, similar effects may impact any survey research using grid-style ranking questions. Future research must investigate the statistical consequences of pattern ranking for survey research. Finally, ranking data allow researchers to study diverse quantities of interest, while targeting many different substantive questions. However, this flexibility also implies that analyzing ranking data can be prone to arbitrary analysis.

Methodology and Processing

Sources Statement

Data Access

Other Study Description Materials

Related Publications

Citation

Title:

Forthcoming, Political Analysis

Identification Number:

add DOI# here when available. If not available, please delete all text in this field before saving

Bibliographic Citation:

Forthcoming, Political Analysis

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Variable Description

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Variables

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precinct

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rank1

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Notes: UNF:6:LrUoIcXPb9Mpm/b3SNSmFQ==

A0

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:B1+gCS5r7grXlFKGatf2ow==

A1

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:BxMTOVzM2tMHotWOlBOljg==

A1_DO

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:h7YsZRifbqcTm3xZWWfuvw==

A2

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:cuemQ2qs5Gyq1xfls6U6XA==

A2_DO

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:/AUnoXAUD5EWxLV5qTz/IQ==

A3

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:ulWe+7NadYXXCEckscGL7A==

A4

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:zv9gvRu4Qi2tyqMhw/0/Gg==

A4_DO

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:7QwCLwLkD+FXxucj/zhJ9g==

A5a

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:S5CPHJIT3ds9H9v10a6nYg==

A5a_4_TEXT

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Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:QqqhdP2t5eGA0zqiZGypMg==

A5a_DO

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:QwD1Yj2npUs1ul4Uf01QSQ==

A6a

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:SKLc4ZeZkAV+iKFWysaFmw==

B1

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:BINNx3yhOJqcsyS5uKs+Gg==

B2

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:iPogA0rI4RUKRMOOKFK+6Q==

B2_3_TEXT

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:tCCfhp2Fb/FPstFsGKY4Iw==

B2_DO

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:vCLsFSwemdMsLnfF8ynD6Q==

B3

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:BSqxi3Vi2lt3i7UYsGa/lQ==

B3_5_TEXT

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Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Q7SM9fvUEmIThohBaWTEmA==

B3_DO

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:8sUNJgGZjb3th8zqNJaNvg==

B4

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:ADyhhPoG5VIafNCdUTypyQ==

B4_4_TEXT

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Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:dtFVudi2E2pGt236wbElgw==

B4d

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

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B4r

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:D+ewiX4JZQpYm77G2UocXw==

B4i

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:wZl1qtxVuBiuz2C6PEG58A==

B5

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:BHufau/U2PEBb/VKDew6MA==

B5_13_TEXT

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Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:bhpnDUA9CJdJ9hciVgDQow==

B6

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:6flYaEJ/1dz8/dE1hXpROg==

B6_11_TEXT

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Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:upMYSlIn6zyLByFMlkeRFQ==

A7a

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:ePMxrlLO2wYdFlv4icqKDA==

C3_1

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Ughu7B9mfWsVnxkOVJ7d3w==

C3_2

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:+roQ0PlI1u6T1/Twxg/Kbg==

C3_3

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:KBV6IlYPOIy4cXKXEvfy7A==

C3_4

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:RcB0fxv0IYiv7XzPcNRspw==

C3_DO

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:UTiXH6chu4eauZRrIf3xnw==

C4_1

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:qaV/ZvqlmI/y0wEA3tvxaQ==

C4_2

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:QJ+haerhsZAOz2po4QjZig==

C4_3

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:/xV6o1d12vFLZRoFfg5a1g==

C4_4

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:s2NB7DjyQdq51txRhcg19w==

C4_DO

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:qq+T+GPZH/HrFjFCHdj9pw==

C5_1

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:gVnktCxqOebwZAZx+qLkZw==

C5_2

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:dYEN2xWtjSoxZ5a11X0SFg==

C5_3

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:9pi9ySaKZBWzhHdPXA6f3A==

C5_4

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:04w/CnSMI++Q2/ULv89CNg==

C5_DO

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:UEzHiCHpIKgFoWcepiS2dg==

C6_1

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:2umkYLGqX+QBAO03Jb8rpQ==

C6_2

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:0M+GNeem1izQMn2gQdFkuA==

C6_3

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:KnGLisPWqlUqJEJJYuDASA==

C6_4

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:QoVwGuHx5ktdeFuBirQGbQ==

C6_DO

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:5GTRVHoV6XCWTIvYhEiE0A==

D1

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:MnPY0C7mF+81Jn7eOeye3w==

sfOpportunityName

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:QWBgllGZc/6z7k/DCaPYRQ==

sfSupportType

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:1R3C4rfa92EYhsQ2MbFyoA==

sfCaseId

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:G8KKZ9QsIq5IRN74LkXQXw==

rid

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:YXydoRxUzjoGE9N2zBQZGQ==

pid

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:7BECqT6449ulJ9WkU6xhmg==

SUPPLIER_ID

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:UwLHKlcow/QsZjD6EdMLLg==

SUPNAME

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:gK18IZqMaViANjRw8eX1Bw==

UserAgent

f9657835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:h/a4qEB9IIB+L1YJJ6hx/Q==

StartDate

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:j7JZYN0RMPy27OW5aAgZdg==

EndDate

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:6CFDxNfhmCRKVe8zjbuVYg==

Status

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:gUlmpArOCmyLhCpvXjSVCg==

IPAddress

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Q56W+GWfeMDWI3T98KYsZg==

Progress

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:RvwPvZw8dXXobvlQLMLRBw==

Duration (in seconds)

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:g+EcwOA5/Qpcsnzkkns02A==

Finished

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:2zyxbCtZ8LWJT41zzhd+BA==

RecordedDate

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:8M9ePfolCTVMMFGWsauOcg==

ResponseId

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:bWm3FfJezcUoQajtgkhycQ==

RecipientLastName

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:5oMiIYvifFFdAIPHNrMO9A==

RecipientFirstName

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:BCfsdqrI7uSorL+yAQ9CZg==

RecipientEmail

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:KKOrF8V1n2XXJIGEWRmgIg==

ExternalReference

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:r5aDeADtDbt2Cj9DLhbISw==

LocationLatitude

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:P0/CGBygtn/Z6h2vv6iSyw==

LocationLongitude

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:ajXJHBqvLuoBTpXuFH75zQ==

DistributionChannel

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Bxtvdo1iBDX5MtpzMaxp1g==

UserLanguage

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:7bi0OqzYmNp9bgjseK/8cA==

Q_RecaptchaScore

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:vXKjap9cvw1I2V9ZKBR7UQ==

Q_RelevantIDDuplicate

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:muTh/LAr2jiH4v1OlaUKwQ==

Q_RelevantIDDuplicateScore

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:TKjMPPZYeaKSYbD5avpZOw==

Q_RelevantIDFraudScore

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:hcEcAAmOKctQgoy2Yb0ovw==

Q_RelevantIDLastStartDate

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:/pWg9ptTdf+nwgNpibgwDQ==

A0

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:+8MW/SfXNSbQy/WkMQMrhw==

A1

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:utGjAR5Ee1Dnd5kQ+aYyfA==

A1_DO

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:0pHTGWFjoSrZNsR/zMxFng==

A2

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:i62xl7nFDRbHt01RdeiPqA==

A2_DO

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:4lyVgr2FnsgycJMwDnAsAA==

A3

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:OHnFZa89wgb848SkH+DT7A==

A4

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:1f9LPSVbvllmzAf50WY3RA==

A4_DO

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:S3dtV0+L8IxFAoYHKai8FA==

A5o

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:mX2Wi6JCHyKtbjY9AWw+Zg==

A5o_5_TEXT

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:jLHG4eZECg6ek36t1+3NgA==

A5o_DO

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:hia6n5ih428h2iE5egzfWg==

A6o

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:0jlJkuoAwr0Lse6u3AP/Ww==

B1

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:l9MXsSNxZE4m6dH8t1f+Fw==

B2

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:s109hieMdxrIuHqWZJsoNw==

B2_3_TEXT

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:hxXY6QLw4wpHCeP+GWkSlg==

B2_DO

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:MnLGZFxIfjdDHaffrkS6dw==

B3

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:GCLfN0eNhnPZmCtWjaCBxQ==

B3_5_TEXT

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:oAYRJRcqAteNLUxc2zL0kA==

B3_DO

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:KyB+6Wi/mcdcnWHBjrQRTA==

B4

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:KGtYmx9NC2QKSGVqnIDkqw==

B4_4_TEXT

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:mC0f/jM/26VYJqBgnwEIEA==

B4d

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:+gRUcjJxKhg1cr3GrL/hWQ==

B4r

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:vGAJvQ6D8SIZFumTrVydww==

B4i

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:3gd0+R10sFISDjryyLxxYw==

B5

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:V/6e51q4cC1LfxkwJ1zFug==

B5_13_TEXT

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:T5SWhEW9stj+QHt3xcQB3A==

B6

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:urIr646SkMwTuFnbYAKZkw==

B6_11_TEXT

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:f4DNF5BzkoIsVlImXVPKkQ==

A7o

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:T08OyEe3Jhi/eQArcRa+Sg==

C1_1

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:rqWVFX4vs8VCVpqIg8tFiQ==

C1_2

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:+L8hibmM7h1JZOVWjQYDMA==

C1_3

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:8qiSsL9Hs4eROLUNfc+w+A==

C1_4

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:0IfmhXiK4QCIgyCx/KxLUQ==

C1_5

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:oo0PhAXFEQa+rdVb6SnfzA==

C1_6

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:03sekAYBOjy1X1SeK050Pg==

C1_7

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:jvu9/K2m20dvek2k1jO6TA==

C1_8

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:5LPBpzZQF9ABZ3dvSVHglA==

C1_17

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:MDNPdiZxWOZP1/Z8nl7EBw==

C1_18

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:+iKU8JmAHlE72mkQie20zQ==

C1_DO

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:MifVaPS7hzHwW0A0ZfDR7Q==

C2_1

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:efdXrAqhc9MKsps14rsukw==

C2_2

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:aqMTXAjMgwTuKRFA6CqswA==

C2_3

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Lxd0JMfCaaVnlQRiC8/qZQ==

C2_4

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:yXNBEkeoNrYvFPqcSkbqpw==

C2_5

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:upiUWhCIo9r7b58tvHvnRg==

C2_6

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Z/ejcj+ewvMASOYlv/qw/w==

C2_7

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:ppar9zYTw1n92ZLY16h5mA==

C2_8

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:xh8mf3sKbOEceVnfNeXfxg==

C2_17

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:zOt/av33b5uWsqdPSpj6BA==

C2_18

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:4W2reU1zmiNNj5xs8Qawcw==

C2_DO

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:cORmLYCxdsknrj8znwt3fg==

D1

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:xn1pYUIZ5bnWsGGj+AzlUA==

sfOpportunityName

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:l/XctVy0Qhq6lk2lnF2gfQ==

sfSupportType

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:an1mKQPn8Z96m25S0mxddA==

sfCaseId

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:UZoL/bdFumlIk6NBLbvWxg==

rid

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:ekbzg23PHTjTful4xp78xg==

pid

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:LKs0ftL6cwXQfJL3pH1lLA==

SUPPLIER_ID

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Tcq+/c99+zj3tyN3GClqDw==

SUPNAME

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:gGYCC43ovZINk57aSJwAfg==

UserAgent

f9657821 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:8M9/bRjlikdSuZzb9sWTZw==

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Figure3.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Figure3_a.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Figure3_b.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Figure4.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Figure5.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

FigureE1.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

FigureE2.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

FigureE3.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

FigureG1.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

FigureG2.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Main.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Package_install.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Utilities.R

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax