Replication Data for: National Identity after Conquest (doi:10.7910/DVN/BLVM1N)

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Replication Data for: National Identity after Conquest

doi:10.7910/DVN/BLVM1N

Harvard Dataverse

2025-03-04

1

Christopher Carter; Daniel W. Gingerich, 2025, "Replication Data for: National Identity after Conquest", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/BLVM1N, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:1MwkP4S8Qp46eEadjetiBg== [fileUNF]

Replication Data for: National Identity after Conquest

doi:10.7910/DVN/BLVM1N

Christopher Carter (University of Virginia)

Daniel W. Gingerich (University of Virginia)

Christopher Carter

Harvard Dataverse

Christopher Carter

Carter, Chris

2025-01-09

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/BLVM1N

Social Sciences, Cultural change, national identity, conquest, foreign occupation, formal theory, socialization

Conquering powers routinely adopt state-directed nationalization projects that seek to make the boundaries of the nation coterminous with the (newly expanded) boundaries of the state. To this end, they implement policies that elevate the economic status of individuals who embrace the occupier's national identity and discriminate against those who do not. This article develops a formal model that illuminates when such policies succeed or fail. We show that the effectiveness of discrimination hinges on the perceived longevity of occupation. If occupier rule is expected to be short-lived, discrimination will backfire, as dissident parents transmit the marginalized national identity to their children; intense intergenerational socialization more than compensates for the negative wealth effects of discrimination. If occupier rule is instead perceived to be long-lasting, discrimination will achieve its intended aims. Case studies on the Chilean occupation of Tacna, Peru (1880-1929) and the Prussian occupation of Northern Schleswig (1866-1920) illustrate the logic.

This dataset underwent an independent verification process, complying with the AJPS Verification Policy updated June 2023, which replicated the tables and figures in the primary article. For the supplementary materials, verification was performed solely for the successful execution of the code. The verification process was carried out by the Cornell Center for Social Sciences at Cornell University. <br></br> The associated article has been awarded the Open Materials Badge. Learn more about the Open Practice Badges from the <a href="https://www.cos.io/">Center for Open Science</a>. <br></br> <img src="https://socialsciences.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-04/materials_large_color.png" alt="Open Materials Badge " width="60" height="60"> <br></br> Open Materials Badge

Jessen, Franz Christopher, von. 1901. Haandbog i det nordslesvigske sporgsmaals historie dokumenter, aktstykker, kort og statistiske oplysninger vedrorende Sonderjylland, udgivet af de Samvirkende sønderjydske foreninger. Det nordiske forlag. pp. 367-384. <br></br> Jessen, Franz Christopher, von. 1938. Haandbog i det Slesvigske sporgsmaals historie, 1900-1937. Vol. 1 C.A. Reitzel. pp. 269-287. <br></br> Informe que contiene los resultados del Censo Provincial, Dec. 27, 1923, Cuadro IV (Archivo Nacional de Chile: La Cuestión de Tacna y Arica, vol.4, folios 29-41, "Informe No.72 que contiene los resultados del Censo Provincial, Tacna, 21 de febrero 1924") <br></br> Censo General de Chile, 1885, p. 432, 448 <br></br> Censo de Poblacion de Chile, 1920, p. 412-413 <br></br> See the Readme.txt file for additional information.

The <i>American Journal of Political Science</i> and the Cornell Center for Social Sciences are not responsible for the accuracy or quality of data uploaded within the <i>AJPS</i> Dataverse, for the use of those data, or for interpretations or conclusions based on their use.

• Number of cases: 8

• No. of variables per record: 4

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:dzNIEFd8IHxz6cLKN6Bplw==

Number of individuals in selected professions in Tacna in 1885 and 1920 Sources: Censo General de Chile, 1885, p. 432, 448 Censo de Poblacion de Chile, 1920, p. 412-413

• Number of cases: 48

• No. of variables per record: 6

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:g5+8lrhK1iGZPe6sq4rEFg==

County-level election results for Northern Schleswig in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries *Note that the dataset contains only those election years that reported data for German, Danish, and SD candidates to ensure consistency in the denominator* Jessen, Franz Christopher, von. 1901. Haandbog i det nordslesvigske spørgsmaals historie dokumenter, aktstykker, kort og statistiske oplysninger vedrørende Sønderjylland, udgivet af de Samvirkende sønderjydske foreninger. Det nordiske forlag. pp. 367-384. Jessen, Franz Christopher, von. 1938. Haandbog i det Slesvigske spørgsmaals historie, 1900- 1937. Vol. 1 C.A. Reitzel. pp. 269-287.

• Number of cases: 5

• No. of variables per record: 43

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:pwQlBSne6jaf/L44iTozgg==

County-level election results for urban Northern Schleswig in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. *Tønder city did not report data for most of the period of analysis* Sources: Jessen, Franz Christopher, von. 1901. Haandbog i det nordslesvigske spørgsmaals historie dokumenter, aktstykker, kort og statistiske oplysninger vedrørende Sønderjylland, udgivet af de Samvirkende sønderjydske foreninger. Det nordiske forlag. pp. 367-384. Jessen, Franz Christopher, von. 1938. Haandbog i det Slesvigske spørgsmaals historie, 1900- 1937. Vol. 1 C.A. Reitzel. pp. 269-287.

• Number of cases: 6

• No. of variables per record: 4

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:ZYsK2IPA9Tj/PpIrTw4lfA==

Results of a census conducted by the Chilean government to gauge public sentiment for a planned plebiscite) Source: Informe que contiene los resultados del Censo Provincial, Dec. 27, 1923, Cuadro IV (Archivo Nacional de Chile: La Cuestión de Tacna y Arica, vol.4, folios 29-41, "Informe No.72 que contiene los resultados del Censo Provincial, Tacna, 21 de febrero 1924")

• year - year
• profession - profession
• peruvian - peruvian
• total - total
• year - year
• county - county
• sd - sd
• german - german
• dane - dane
• total_vote - total_vote
• district - district
• 1871_danish - 1871_danish
• 1874_danish - 1874_danish
• 1877_danish - 1877_danish
• 1878_danish - 1878_danish
• 1881_danish - 1881_danish
• 1884_danish - 1884_danish
• 1886_danish - 1886_danish
• 1887_danish - 1887_danish
• 1890_danish - 1890_danish
• 1893_danish - 1893_danish
• 1898_danish - 1898_danish
• 1903_danish - 1903_danish
• 1907_danish - 1907_danish
• 1912_danish - 1912_danish
• 1871_german - 1871_german
• 1874_german - 1874_german
• 1877_german - 1877_german
• 1878_german - 1878_german
• 1881_german - 1881_german
• 1884_german - 1884_german
• 1886_german - 1886_german
• 1887_german - 1887_german
• 1890_german - 1890_german
• 1893_german - 1893_german
• 1898_german - 1898_german
• 1903_german - 1903_german
• 1907_german - 1907_german
• 1912_german - 1912_german
• 1871_sd - 1871_sd
• 1874_sd - 1874_sd
• 1877_sd - 1877_sd
• 1878_sd - 1878_sd
• 1881_sd - 1881_sd
• 1884_sd - 1884_sd
• 1886_sd - 1886_sd
• 1887_sd - 1887_sd
• 1890_sd - 1890_sd
• 1893_sd - 1893_sd
• 1898_sd - 1898_sd
• 1903_sd - 1903_sd
• 1907_sd - 1907_sd
• 1912_sd - 1912_sd
• sentiment - sentiment
• gender - gender
• with_garrison - with_garrison
• without_garrison - without_garrison

f10932645 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 8.0; Mean 1902.5; StDev 18.708286933869708; Min. 1885.0; Max. 1920.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Puy4rprwNV87FT+2Mc7JiA==

f10932645 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:GSJpY+wIyGMnl3vVtEvwww==

f10932645 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 646.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 243.07949904741628; Mean 134.25; Valid 8.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:cfS9POwgP+Jx2NOO+J/CCQ==

f10932645 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1403.0; StDev 513.3752282687586; Valid 8.0; Min. 2.0; Mean 313.875

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:xuzWl4ggUw3NSfvAOrJAYw==

f10932648 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1874.0; Mean 1894.25; Valid 48.0; StDev 12.86013136493575; Max. 1912.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:xlz5sAK8exe6weinpSZ6vQ==

f10932648 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:O8OV941ajQ5Kxw2cBilgaw==

f10932648 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 178.9375; Valid 48.0; StDev 200.99977836867214; Max. 663.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:kGVuTQtxP2gPaBVhq+p3DA==

f10932648 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 605.1668484396305; Min. 289.0; Mean 1130.0208333333335; Max. 2232.0; Valid 48.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Ar/0DTt7Tz3XJIeT8CzpIA==

f10932648 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1241.8909562288954; Max. 4684.0; Mean 2509.9583333333335; Min. 267.0; Valid 48.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:F/sw0LbmUPlFNuMlkrUWYw==

f10932648 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 828.0; Mean 3818.916666666667; Valid 48.0; Max. 6796.0; StDev 1654.2009941594204

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:BXpgPns5V/b4e1ocQa4CXA==

f10932632 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:g6qHBMP/+gwC/xOL0N4IuA==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4.0; Max. 638.0; Mean 426.25; Min. 270.0; StDev 165.82797311270096

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dGgyD97lRJkwSqZHKjoeKQ==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 310.0; Max. 612.0; StDev 142.087707655049; Valid 4.0; Mean 428.75

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PL9g/k/tq3FscUQdOACCSg==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 103.52576168922079; Mean 360.25; Min. 278.0; Max. 510.0; Valid 4.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:p3MRiQJ+YC4WWXD0sJ9OvA==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 335.75; Valid 4.0; StDev 88.868348321173; Min. 288.0; Max. 469.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gKwuVuiA4qPaP3iFsX+Rtg==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4.0; Max. 378.0; Mean 265.75; Min. 189.0; StDev 86.8883383045926;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HvPBOIf+kfrN5UfUBc3Olw==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 253.75; Min. 189.0; Valid 4.0; Max. 345.0; StDev 70.98063116090192;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:AvCRMDJwIAU39o7Qk5f/cw==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 208.0; StDev 56.1456439390745; Mean 244.33333333333334; Valid 3.0; Max. 309.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GOG7aH5tj3DombYg02tNSA==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 278.6666666666667; Min. 225.0; StDev 86.96167738339304; Valid 3.0; Max. 379.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:iiJNObDzIQOR9ILW93NWsQ==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 281.5; StDev 84.98823447983844; Valid 4.0; Max. 408.0; Min. 225.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:8yUC/nNoD7/kTgBBhKnv9g==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 89.35463054593198; Mean 312.25; Min. 229.0; Max. 434.0; Valid 4.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:qOPBlNSs0b+i33yOsaiwCg==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4.0; Mean 317.0; StDev 123.17737887561444; Min. 222.0; Max. 497.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HWuNoq+JbzUzV+Rn/PEVDw==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 28.0; Mean 253.8; StDev 161.31862880647108; Valid 5.0; Max. 465.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rIxn8ELwyZ7po4e/1aWiFg==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 166.86611399562224; Min. 41.0; Mean 272.6; Max. 501.0; Valid 5.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:DgYDJhVKTgEqCizHOP0Rrg==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 80.0; Mean 363.6; Valid 5.0; Max. 777.0; StDev 255.576407361869

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dT7xTu8kqXwYozMi/B9NoQ==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4.0; Mean 302.5; Min. 175.0; Max. 452.0; StDev 131.0076333653883;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:h3k7Puon8cqqd6cmOoYOUA==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 195.68575999971654; Valid 4.0; Max. 591.0; Mean 335.75; Min. 155.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:+swdMfA83YPvMtrrms0fdg==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 643.0; Valid 4.0; Min. 224.0; StDev 185.5954381623284; Mean 389.5

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:b9ipDI9nnrsVCC0WSyk8OQ==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 634.0; Valid 4.0; StDev 182.8412334968966; Mean 378.25; Min. 208.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:IHy8x7RPaj7+sdoVgUmFKQ==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 207.0; Valid 4.0; StDev 201.92304639804408; Mean 362.25; Max. 659.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zHO+jb9A5cHvBXteYymQgA==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 668.0; Mean 395.0; Valid 4.0; StDev 189.61188429702042; Min. 247.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2NzjTZs6tmALKYdbC4VT5g==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 309.0; Mean 470.0; Max. 722.0; StDev 221.0271476538572; Valid 3.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:S5ugffl8DE7CxTpInqs+cQ==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 231.04184325211165; Min. 342.0; Max. 783.0; Mean 522.6666666666666; Valid 3.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0a9Eq0rN9hgtqSzFGNosjQ==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4.0; Max. 730.0; Mean 467.25; Min. 295.0; StDev 196.57462535468136;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:kVZ6VFprWHt3l4tdc+JDYA==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4.0; Min. 282.0; StDev 188.2504980073094; Max. 683.0; Mean 439.25

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Z4qJbq0xvTtjrBZM3LL0uA==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 685.0; Min. 299.0; StDev 179.40155146114725; Mean 468.25; Valid 4.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:EjmVZKMD1spGYhz4PfM3XA==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 513.2; Valid 5.0; Min. 312.0; StDev 177.75460612878643; Max. 772.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:55rWyLrCFQgrOeZ6dUWPhA==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 823.0; Valid 5.0; Min. 407.0; Mean 595.6; StDev 155.43744722556403

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:EjQB4BcNVVHc9ug7CA+Aqw==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 743.2; StDev 255.1219316326999; Valid 5.0; Min. 441.0; Max. 1141.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:eBssGv3Jh1UV0RZZ4QEYBw==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean NaN; StDev NaN; Max. NaN; Min. NaN; Valid 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:UyL+z8kqXjJIopej3z7d+w==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 10.5; StDev 21.0; Valid 4.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 42.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:pibU163iN9uwtnUF+6z4Qg==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 17.25; Min. 3.0; StDev 12.816005617976296; Valid 4.0; Max. 33.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:s2qt14tDw6M7chBCqS45ug==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev NaN; Mean NaN; Max. NaN; Min. NaN; Valid 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:UyL+z8kqXjJIopej3z7d+w==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. NaN; Min. NaN; Valid 0.0; StDev NaN; Mean NaN;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:UyL+z8kqXjJIopej3z7d+w==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 0.0; StDev NaN; Max. NaN; Min. NaN; Mean NaN;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:UyL+z8kqXjJIopej3z7d+w==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. NaN; Valid 0.0; Min. NaN; StDev NaN; Mean NaN

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:UyL+z8kqXjJIopej3z7d+w==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 0.0; Mean NaN; StDev NaN; Min. NaN; Max. NaN

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:UyL+z8kqXjJIopej3z7d+w==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 20.221688027132323; Min. 0.0; Max. 46.0; Valid 4.0; Mean 26.75

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fmYiH4rTjoko6nKS1vSs3g==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4.0; StDev 29.68164415931166; Max. 76.0; Min. 8.0; Mean 35.5;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:CRhBeIu09ipCp2rtWafo0g==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 43.05422937025661; Min. 20.0; Max. 111.0; Mean 67.5; Valid 4.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:8vwGsoiJ9qB02E1bytrLLg==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 114.0; Valid 5.0; StDev 57.00438579618238; Max. 193.0; Min. 48.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ExkIhJbCN35rSzL/e+Jj9w==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 146.0; Max. 271.0; Valid 5.0; Min. 22.0; StDev 97.22396823828988;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Fa97Ib6V5p8aW42tpdlJ3w==

f10932632 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 215.6; Valid 5.0; StDev 139.0460355421901; Min. 23.0; Max. 335.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WGr8Afjq3TXQgoGPsh830A==

f10932647 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:d2xzZ37gOviiHH/ZyPHudw==

f10932647 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Rb+V27+j1+ntknZnRxwbwA==

f10932647 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 3157.0; Min. 1034.0; Mean 1678.0; Valid 6.0; StDev 811.2831811396068

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:3lMCMNapuI67X0Kj8vuemw==

f10932647 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 370.99002682012895; Min. 1034.0; Valid 6.0; Max. 2054.0; Mean 1355.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:CSAjsqS0gPtQU9i9fmTJQQ==

Label:

main_text_figures_code.R

type/x-r-syntax

Label:

Readme.txt

text/plain

Label:

supplementary_materials_code.R

type/x-r-syntax

Label:

nat_id_annotated_full.pdf

application/pdf

Label:

chileanization.pdf

application/pdf

Label:

n_schleswig_elections_all.pdf

application/pdf

Label:

n_schleswig_elections_urban.pdf

application/pdf

Label:

tacna_sentiment.pdf

application/pdf

Label:

fig2.png

image/png

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fig4.png

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Label:

figE1.png

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figE4a.png

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figE4b.png

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figE5.png

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