Military in the Cabinet and Defense Spending of Civilian Governments (doi:10.7910/DVN/BYOGHH)

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Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
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Military in the Cabinet and Defense Spending of Civilian Governments

doi:10.7910/DVN/BYOGHH

Harvard Dataverse

2023-11-22

1

Sakib, Nazmus; Rahman, Md Muhibbur, 2023, "Military in the Cabinet and Defense Spending of Civilian Governments", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/BYOGHH, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:p/eX8e+DMYQVghar7Au7Wg== [fileUNF]

Military in the Cabinet and Defense Spending of Civilian Governments

doi:10.7910/DVN/BYOGHH

Sakib, Nazmus (University of Kentucky)

Rahman, Md Muhibbur (The University of Texas at Austin)

Harvard Dataverse

Interactions, International

Interactions, International

2023-01-19

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/BYOGHH

Social Sciences, Defense Spending, Civil Military Relations, Military in Politics, Defense Economy, Guardianship Dilemma

In this article, we assess the variation in civilian governments' defense spending as a function of civil-military relations. We present a novel explanation based on the military's presence in the political decision- making apparatus. We argue that the appointment of an active military officer in a key governmental position allows the government to make a more credible commitment to provide the military with adequate rents and thereby stabilizes civil-military relations. The appointment helps defuse the commitment problem on the part of the government by reducing the coordination costs for the military to challenge the government more successfully in the event of the government's defection. Hence, the military's incentive to intervene in politics to prevent government monopolies over rents lessens markedly. Defense spending increases as a result because this arrangement requires the government to honor its promises to distribute increased rents among the military members of the winning coalition. Our theory predicts higher defense spending in cases where the military has a presence in the top- level policy-making positions within a civilian government. We find strong empirical evidence in support of our argument using data from 1984 to 2011. Civilian governments with a military presence in the cabinet's security-related portfolios experience up to a 20 percent increase in their defense spending on average. This study offers important insights into governments’ motivation to appoint active-duty military officers in key policy-making positions and the effects of such appointments on civil-military resource allocation.

• Number of cases: 4466

• No. of variables per record: 40

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:p/eX8e+DMYQVghar7Au7Wg==

• country - Country name
• ccode - COW country code
• year - Year
• milexp - Military spending
• lnmilexp - Military spending (logged)
• milexpGDP - Military spending (% of GDP)
• lnmilexpGDP - Military spending (% of GDP, logged)
• milper - Military personnel
• lnmilsize - Military personnel (logged)
• lngdppc - GDP per capita (logged)
• lnpop - Total population (logged)
• democracy - Democratic regime (binary)
• defmin - Is Defense Minister a Military Officer?
• rivalry - Territorial rivalry
• land - Number of Neighbors
• defense - Number of defense pacts
• conscrip - Military conscription
• civilwar - Civil conflict (binary)
• mid_fat - MID (fatal)
• mid - MID (force)
• conflict_total - Number f conflicts in international system
• military_gwf - Military regime (GWF)
• military_ge - Military regime (GE)
• mil_cab - Military holds a government position
• mil_mod - Military holds ministry of defense
• mil_int - Military holds ministry of interior
• mil_mofa - Military holds ministry of foreign affairs
• milsecshare - Proportion of security government that is active military
• milnonsecshare - Proportion of non-security government that is active military
• milingov - One of three security related ministries have a minister coming from the militar
• milingov_dum - At least one of three security related ministries have a minister coming from th
• region_SSA - Sub-saharan Africa
• region_SoAsia - South Asia
• region_MENA - Middle East and North Africa
• region_Latin - Latin America
• region_EAsiaPac - East Asia
• region_EurCentAsia - Europe and Central Asia
• region_NoAmer - North America
• succ_coup - Time since the last successful coup
• any_coup - Time since the last coup attempt

f6899835 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:8/X9XQJnO/9CCTYQ//HXOQ==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4466.0; Max. 990.0; StDev 250.92190134822562; Min. 2.0; Mean 462.38513210926106;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:X26Gf/ZidVnDWDnR2IAeyg==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4466.0; Mean 1998.0456784594717; StDev 7.953654693122947; Max. 2011.0; Min. 1984.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:l5B+PTR9WBiXZe1aE6ga0Q==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 4173.0; StDev 3.371652234972235E7; Mean 5852739.809968772; Max. 6.936E8

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:6u+N3r1DOFr8FFsl68XIhw==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 13.012048469659305; Valid 4017.0; Min. 5.8749308586120605; Max. 20.357406616210938; StDev 2.3082356022086037

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Pavi4VjtIgLxx4PUITWLrg==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1.812651972462414E-5; StDev 2.5982029551082823E-5; Min. 0.0; Valid 3779.0; Max. 6.61421800032258E-4;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:B0vApFNYCXE9KLaTyzofrg==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3643.0; Max. -2.7159485816955566; Min. -13.653460502624512; Mean -6.680256966670211; StDev 0.8697772894049773;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:DXbrWCsEsUaPYKQJ5FkTQQ==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 331.29569464961287; Valid 4351.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 4100.0; Mean 133.30613652033819

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:4Z8GlR+Tla8F2kwqXLkP/Q==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 4102.0; Max. 8.318741798400879; Mean 3.521221595063887; StDev 1.7546204168934678

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:7B0S9Igw7yE6yQdmo8lcNQ==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 8.261345113747824; Max. 11.617908477783203; Min. 4.748713493347168; StDev 1.5435171134570715; Valid 4152.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:IH046Tefw94Gi7x5o5swgQ==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.779245601653461; Mean 15.72158937977185; Valid 4249.0; Min. 11.475078582763672; Max. 21.019012451171875;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zIytHYcMONhpm6RwMJ+ypA==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4997199216776267; Valid 4445.0; Mean 0.5183352080990009; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:mC+PgzIg0fzgW3fGNEmgfA==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.30753564154786367; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.46153190547720124; Max. 1.0; Valid 3928.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:N2IQwgyq+yYnHoVcVheeug==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4294.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.2703772706101578; StDev 0.44420643229142803; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:na3ddogJ87u/I6g6rDLo2Q==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 2.4899165435877264; Mean 3.296214423874018; Valid 3619.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 14.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LkY3VfHVVwqbqX7Vhun4mQ==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4466.0; StDev 1.2810077199215149; Max. 10.0; Mean 0.978728168383354; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ptFGB2Nw0ocGfKOK5LnzBA==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.5000639455158976; Valid 3874.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.4992256066081564; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Emg3H6taWzSzoovCE6vzTQ==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.2088102029208626; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.04567845947156401; Valid 4466.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WQfplbuxuFfHIgYpHOhBrg==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4201331287567645; Valid 4466.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.2288401253918469

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LRSBZhNroIHUnpz+yZDclg==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4466.0; StDev 0.4944305824657546; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.42521271831616614;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:XGt8nntwmf0LLDsR6jlULA==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 30.0; Valid 3548.0; Max. 50.0; StDev 5.464515975681535; Mean 37.96533258173619

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:5MPRmXgA76VvrRjCZ9SiBg==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3590.0; Mean 0.0; Max. 0.0; StDev 0.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:+oy9j5p90TXn/P8pYlz6Vg==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 0.0; Mean 0.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.0; Valid 1695.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:B2nCW0P5dfqNFZ+VclKJeg==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; StDev 0.4873149405713578; Valid 3605.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.38779472954230554

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WwJX77erDU5G03DXwSPR+w==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3954.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.22787051087506244; StDev 0.4195116810280604; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:VLsx/iETOalIEa4LXwRaNQ==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.3100897051796429; Valid 3954.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.10773899848255054; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:guqL+arpeFVRxn+9ubmScA==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 3954.0; Mean 0.021244309559938987; StDev 0.14421598012737927;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:DxgAlqC6t8IoFSsPZm4xCg==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.11308631350527909; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.18363869725102383; Min. 0.0; Valid 3605.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zKboy+1cd+sobTaKHFT2Ng==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 0.800000011920929; StDev 0.052673816443369555; Valid 3605.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.01647262409530931;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:1gBMiWxhgW5RlhSd7VzjPQ==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 3.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.630909554574163; Valid 3954.0; Mean 0.3568538189175491

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HPf9P1jPxURQtxcBZtpm8Q==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 3954.0; Mean 0.27794638340920724; StDev 0.44804348109248987

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dtlg5FFVCF4IBxD7Hc7XeA==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.2608598298253545; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.43915277749644765; Valid 4466.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:We3x5flxxl6RKllyw53TgQ==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; StDev 0.211229648898883; Mean 0.04679802955665157; Valid 4466.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:R5t9Lpy9hSFDWVjmrVzUTw==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 4466.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.11195700850872842; StDev 0.3153488605693749

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0on+b2X8hprxqU+nVC+9RQ==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.3771983259778287; Valid 4466.0; Mean 0.1717420510523955; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:5T0vknqMHPtXV1KbruH1vA==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 4466.0; Mean 0.1379310344827706; StDev 0.3448661985564022

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HeDqLO/AvSnnVP5RJWvyFQ==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.437678567762708; Valid 4466.0; Mean 0.25817286162114017; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:cIsdyGMeVXIi102ipH0zOA==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 4466.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.11128668791749022; Mean 0.012539184952978403

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:pyJlu2c1A+NMpeQ8j6Un4w==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 61.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 4466.0; StDev 16.511033598795372; Mean 28.470219435736677;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WJTCxrGzjz3jU6X/jzOMEQ==

f6899835 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 24.689879086430874; Max. 61.0; Valid 4466.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 17.241525711327206;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:VVnzGS8ExziM5FZTZQlDhA==

Label:

IIrep_do.do

application/x-stata-syntax