Replication Data for: Compulsory Voting Increases Men's Turnout Most (doi:10.7910/DVN/C0VFMH)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
Entire Codebook

Document Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: Compulsory Voting Increases Men's Turnout Most

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/C0VFMH

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Date of Distribution:

2025-01-30

Version:

Bibliographic Citation:

Singh, Shane, 2025, "Replication Data for: Compulsory Voting Increases Men's Turnout Most", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/C0VFMH, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:1TS2dRvJOIqTVIhaNY/DZQ== [fileUNF]

Study Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: Compulsory Voting Increases Men's Turnout Most

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/C0VFMH

Authoring Entity:

Singh, Shane (University of Georgia)

Producer:

Shane Singh

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Access Authority:

Shane Singh

Depositor:

Singh, Shane

Date of Deposit:

2024-12-02

Holdings Information:

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/C0VFMH

Study Scope

Keywords:

Social Sciences, compulsory voting

Abstract:

Equal turnout fosters equal representation. As such, researchers have long sought to understand what causes gender differences in voter participation. I argue that compulsory voting increases men’s turnout relative to that of women. This is because men are particularly receptive to external incentives, while women are more intrinsically motivated. Within Brazil and across countries, I use administrative data to show that compulsory voting increases men’s turnout most. I also argue that, due to social desirability bias, nonvoting women are most likely to claim to have participated under mandatory voting. With comparisons of official and reported turnout, I demonstrate compulsory voting increases women’s turnout overreporting relative to that of men. By increasing men’s relative turnout, compulsory voting could introduce or accentuate representational disparities in favor of men, and this potentiality can be obscured by survey data.

Notes:

This dataset underwent an independent verification process, complying with the AJPS Verification Policy updated June 2023, which replicated the tables and figures in the primary article. For the supplementary materials, verification was performed solely for the successful execution of the code. The verification process was carried out by the Cornell Center for Social Sciences at Cornell University. The associated article has been awarded the Open Materials Badge. Learn more about the Open Practice Badges from the <a href="https://www.cos.io/">Center for Open Science</a>. <img src="https://socialsciences.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-04/materials_large_color.png" alt="Open Materials Badge " width="60" height="60"> Open Materials Badge

Methodology and Processing

Sources Statement

Data Sources:

Stockemer, Daniel, and Aksel Sundström. 2023. “The Gender Gap in Voter Turnout: An Artefact of Men’s Over-Reporting in Survey Research?” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 25 (1): 21–41.

Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Ana Good God, Sandra Grahn, Allen Hicken, Katrin Kinzelbach, Joshua Krusell, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Natalia Natsika, Anja Neundorf, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Oskar Rydén, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2023. V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset V13: Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.

Brazilian Electoral Study. 2018. CESOP-IBOPE. Survey study no. 04622. https://www.cesop.unicamp.br/eng/banco_de_dados/v/4538

Brazilian Electoral Study. 2022. CESOP-QUAEST. Survey study no. 04810. https://www.cesop.unicamp.br/eng/banco_de_dados/v/4680

Superior Electoral Court (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral) of Brazil.

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 1 FULL RELEASE [dataset]. December 15, 2015 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module1.2015-12-15

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 2 FULL RELEASE [dataset]. December 15, 2015 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module2.2015-12-15

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 3 FULL RELEASE [dataset]. December 15, 2015 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module3.2015-12-15

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 4 FULL RELEASE [dataset]. May 29, 2018 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module4.2018-05-29

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 5 FULL RELEASE [dataset]. July 25, 2023 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module5.2023-07-25

Singh, Shane P. 2022. “2022 Compulsory Voting and Turnout in Brazil Survey Experiment.” Athens, GA: University of Georgia.

Data Access

Disclaimer:

The American Journal of Political Science and the Cornell Center for Social Sciences are not responsible for the accuracy or quality of data uploaded within the AJPS Dataverse, for the use of those data, or for interpretations or conclusions based on their use.

Other Study Description Materials

Related Publications

Citation

Title:

Singh, Shane P. “Compulsory Voting Increases Men’s Turnout Most. American Journal of Political Science.

Bibliographic Citation:

Singh, Shane P. “Compulsory Voting Increases Men’s Turnout Most. American Journal of Political Science.

File Description--f10781199

File: BES.tab

Number of cases: 323
No. of variables per record: 9
Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:rSn2wweDew1Z6IkWHRrB2Q==

File Description--f10781202

File: Brazil_Survey_Experiment.tab

Number of cases: 1055
No. of variables per record: 8
Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:Ie5C/7ALqm1w4wI34CZOTw==

File Description--f10851857

File: CSES_Modules_1-5.tab

Number of cases: 296596
No. of variables per record: 14
Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:a8psFwkDBqs+3HzPLvtTMg==

File Description--f10781203

File: Stockemer_Sundstrom_BJPIR.tab

Number of cases: 73
No. of variables per record: 16
Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:uwppAK+vOSoR7ayl40dmGQ==

Variable Description

List of Variables:

age_18_or_over - 1 if 18 or over on day of first round election
days_over_18_election_date - days over age 18 on day of first round election
educ_0_1 - education on ten-point scale, bounded between 0 and 1
female - 1 if female
household_income_0_1 - household income, higher is more, bounded between 0 and 1
religiosity_0_1 - religiosity on six-point scale, bounded between 0 and 1
voted - 1 if R reported voting
white - 1 if white
year - survey year
age - age in years
compulsory_voting - 1 if R was in CV condition; 0 otherwise
education_years - years of education
FMC_TR_passed - 1 if R passed the treatment-relevant instructional manipulation check
gender_cat - gender
IMC_passed - 1 if R passed the instructional manipulation check
income - level of income, from none (1) to over R$200,000/year (10)
rep_turnout_post - 1 if R reported turnout in 2022 election
age - age in years
cntryyear - identifier for election
cntryyearnum - numerical identifier for election
country_name - name of country
countryandyear_no_underscore - identifier for election without underscore, full country name
CVscale_VoD_v13 - compulsory voting scale, Varieties of Democracy v13
educ_scale_0_10 - education constrained to 0 to 10 scale
female - 1 if female, 0 if male
income - household income in quintiles, higher is more
latin - 1 if R's country is in Latin America
majoritarian - 1 if majoritarian electoral system for lower house, 0 otherwise
resp_id - CSES respondent identifier
v2x_polyarchy - V-Dem's electoral democracy index
voted_main_elec - 1 if R voted in the main (as classified by CSES) election
country - country
countryandyear_no_underscore - country and year
CVscale_VoD_v13 - compulsory voting scale, Varieties of Democracy v13
latin - 1 if R's country is in Latin America
majoritarian - 1 if majoritarian electoral system for lower house, 0 otherwise
mens_overep_min_womens_overrep - overeeported turnout rate men minus that of women
mens_overeporting - amount of overreported turnout among men
mens_turnout_min_womens_turnout - actual turnout rate among men minus that of women
percent_men_voting_actual - actual turnout rate among men
percent_men_voting_reported - reported turnout rate among men
percent_women_voting_actual - actual turnout rate among women
percent_women_voting_reported - reported turnout rate among women
v2x_polyarchy - V-Dem's electoral democracy index
womens_overep_min_mens_overrep - overeeported turnout rate women minus that of men
womens_overeporting - amount of overreported turnout among women
womens_turnout_min_mens_turnout - actual turnout rate among women minus that of men

Variables

1 if 18 or over on day of first round election

f10781199 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 323.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.3844215599741208; Mean 0.8204334365325078;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fw2XAT4V83Jxbmb5JyAIeA==

days over age 18 on day of first round election

f10781199 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 436.80288239851365; Min. -762.0; Valid 323.0; Mean 386.19195046439626; Max. 1089.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9vGqb8fT28rv3zCdK9jzLA==

education on ten-point scale, bounded between 0 and 1

f10781199 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.111111119389534; Mean 0.6216030079790682; Valid 323.0; Max. 0.888888955116272; StDev 0.12474496000029676

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:f+eWceM/GQi4pVYEmX+Gag==

1 if female

f10781199 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 323.0; Mean 0.51702786377709; StDev 0.5004853133815615; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2LGF7BeEzPPD/j1jUzM7zg==

household income, higher is more, bounded between 0 and 1

f10781199 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.04547193532122707; StDev 0.1072854102042213; Min. 0.0020032781176269054; Valid 221.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:N6Lkk8lMlPz9Rq5cX9Snrw==

religiosity on six-point scale, bounded between 0 and 1

f10781199 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 322.0; StDev 0.3501541427278107; Mean 0.4714285783608509; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ngdXS1CHAx49Z4bS5CSHWw==

1 if R reported voting

f10781199 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.7430340557275541; StDev 0.4376384488137241; Min. 0.0; Valid 323.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:oWARcfqheO4ODPuMcWDmmg==

1 if white

f10781199 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.29430379746835444; Valid 316.0; StDev 0.4564519719008781

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:X5mDl7CdoWy+qj6aKYRgLw==

survey year

f10781199 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 323.0; StDev 1.9541107772768214; Mean 2019.5603715170278; Max. 2022.0; Min. 2018.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:nClnKDe/nfjv9xGEzDCttw==

age in years

f10781202 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 79.0; Mean 38.33802816901409; Min. 18.0; Valid 994.0; StDev 11.77048139033971

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:/fYpxjc9txVcFCJRIa2jhg==

1 if R was in CV condition; 0 otherwise

f10781202 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.5005917159763313; Max. 1.0; Valid 845.0; StDev 0.5002957705079764

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:nB4o7kiOLvS8Bkfd+BfGYQ==

years of education

f10781202 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 14.57184466019417; Min. 0.0; Valid 1030.0; StDev 6.184260366684149; Max. 55.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:3Di3IC8LvZ7jAnYonAuYhA==

1 if R passed the treatment-relevant instructional manipulation check

f10781202 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Mean 0.7408284023668639; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4384394721695723; Valid 845.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:t3PJjJTk27R/zD2nNMunnw==

gender

f10781202 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
1.	man	439
2.	woman	611
3.	refuse/other	5

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.5018594524073401; Min. 1.0; Mean 1.5886255924170616; Valid 1055.0; Max. 3.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tGdW1YD7+4afcZtRh5hwkw==

1 if R passed the instructional manipulation check

f10781202 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1042.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.8109404990403071; StDev 0.3917439006290448; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Y3brO9JHXc25AiQCCRTotA==

level of income, from none (1) to over R$200,000/year (10)

f10781202 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 10.0; Mean 6.017578125; Valid 1024.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.8416500935857227

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dAvHiSA0bxIFLTSNBuZs0A==

1 if R reported turnout in 2022 election

f10781202 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.3522405322590122; Max. 1.0; Valid 828.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.8550724637681159

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:4DVr4E3cMOCVcmPNKzBnCQ==

age in years

f10851857 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 120.0; Min. 16.0; StDev 16.78712471542341; Valid 296596.0; Mean 47.296979730002434;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:O8i/HqxuCMoZc8l1w4h4sA==

identifier for election

f10851857 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:NDELmpvemFvpK3poq9b+Aw==

numerical identifier for election

f10851857 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
47.	ESP_2004	757
114.	NOR_2013	1495
84.	JPN_1996	937
66.	HKG_2008	545
3.	AUS_1996	1508
25.	CHE_1999	1769
163.	TWN_2004	1374
177.	BELF2019	930
225.	TUR_2018	931
94.	LTU_1997	896
182.	CHL_2017	1606
106.	NLD_1998	1639
27.	CHE_2007	2733
172.	ZAF_2009	0
126.	PHL_2010	1141
105.	MNE_2012	625
26.	CHE_2003	1264
53.	FIN_2015	1246
98.	MEX_1997	1842
109.	NLD_2010	2005
13.	BGR_2014	576
212.	NLD_2021	2945
220.	SLV_2019	1222
77.	ISL_2009	1041
9.	BELF1999	1952
229.	USA_2016	3085
73.	IRL_2011	1255
154.	SWE_2006	1127
11.	BEL_2003	0
215.	NZL_2020	1477
147.	SVK_2016	530
189.	FIN_2019	745
69.	HUN_1998	1396
32.	CZE_1996	1125
95.	LVA_2010	0
58.	GBR_2005	762
67.	HKG_2012	739
24.	CAN_2015	1932
22.	CAN_2008	3204
19.	BRA_2014	2075
16.	BRA_2002	1878
60.	GRC_2009	704
64.	HKG_2000	487
79.	ISR_1996	651
49.	EST_2011	812
86.	JPN_2007	944
167.	URY_2009	0
39.	DEU_2005	1883
112.	NOR_2005	1820
139.	ROU_2009	1041
133.	PRT_2002	796
55.	FRA_2007	1855
83.	ITA_2006	635
180.	CAN_2019	2251
208.	LVA_2018	839
150.	SVN_2008	548
155.	SWE_2014	830
144.	RUS_2004	1247
218.	PRT_2019	664
168.	USA_1996	1401
146.	SVK_2010	759
68.	HRV_2007	816
195.	GRC_2019	979
12.	BGR_2001	1375
161.	TWN_1996	950
173.	ZAF_2014	587
137.	ROU_1996	1080
89.	KGZ_2005	0
4.	AUS_2004	1386
56.	FRA_2012	1847
190.	FRA_2017	1622
76.	ISL_2007	1160
17.	BRA_2006	440
149.	SVN_2004	519
166.	UKR_1998	1047
23.	CAN_2011	1662
21.	CAN_2004	1516
207.	LTU_2020	1539
186.	DEU_2017	1671
45.	ESP_1996	842
72.	IRL_2007	888
158.	THA_2011	1231
117.	NZL_2008	779
142.	RUS_1999	1573
224.	TUN_2019	1222
113.	NOR_2009	1586
104.	MEX_2015	715
71.	IRL_2002	2060
43.	DNK_2001	1836
192.	GBR_2019	1831
136.	PRT_2015	757
174.	ALB_2017	1099
230.	USA_2020	6555
48.	ESP_2008	746
6.	AUS_2013	3553
160.	TUR_2015	924
205.	KOR_2016	1199
103.	MEX_2012	1866
214.	NZL_2017	1465
15.	BLR_2008	967
44.	DNK_2007	880
162.	TWN_2001	1483
5.	AUS_2007	1135
108.	NLD_2006	2180
138.	ROU_2004	1470
156.	THA_2001	0
206.	LTU_2016	1170
191.	GBR_2017	838
171.	USA_2012	1547
194.	GRC_2015b	862
227.	TWN_2020	1465
88.	KEN_2013	692
42.	DNK_1998	1724
38.	DEU_2002	2566
78.	ISL_2013	1049
29.	CHL_1999	1031
96.	LVA_2011	686
201.	ISL_2017	1437
54.	FRA_2002	938
41.	DEU_2013	1590
170.	USA_2008	1432
145.	SRB_2012	1156
179.	BRA_2018	1803
61.	GRC_2012	780
130.	POL_2005	1618
52.	FIN_2011	1151
80.	ISR_2003	647
211.	NLD_2017	0
221.	SVK_2020	682
102.	MEX_2009	2042
34.	CZE_2006	1476
210.	MNE_2016	988
74.	ISL_1999	1212
2.	ARG_2015	868
35.	CZE_2010	1286
131.	POL_2007	1566
164.	TWN_2008	1513
40.	DEU_2009	1764
129.	POL_2001	1496
10.	BELW1999	1277
99.	MEX_2000	1164
101.	MEX_2006	1348
119.	NZL_2014	947
125.	PHL_2004	1105
213.	NOR_2017	1617
199.	IRL_2016	888
209.	MEX_2018	842
123.	PER_2011	1505
92.	KOR_2008	816
28.	CHE_2011	3738
107.	NLD_2002	1382
36.	CZE_2013	1134
31.	CHL_2009	1029
93.	KOR_2012	0
157.	THA_2007	1652
193.	GRC_2015a	839
118.	NZL_2011	1072
197.	HUN_2018	946
175.	AUS_2019	0
135.	PRT_2009	812
152.	SWE_1998	1028
140.	ROU_2012	1375
178.	BELW2019	615
51.	FIN_2007	1281
90.	KOR_2000	1100
121.	PER_2001	0
165.	TWN_2012	1455
132.	POL_2011	1426
57.	GBR_1997	2552
183.	CRI_2018	693
81.	ISR_2006	617
50.	FIN_2003	1105
91.	KOR_2004	1161
70.	HUN_2002	1011
222.	SWE_2018	3141
216.	PER_2021	1006
115.	NZL_1996	3825
124.	PER_2016	1485
204.	JPN_2017	1297
30.	CHL_2005	1025
8.	AUT_2013	849
111.	NOR_2001	1853
223.	THA_2019	994
159.	TUR_2011	955
169.	USA_2004	946
65.	HKG_2004	442
14.	BLR_2001	874
100.	MEX_2003	1587
203.	ITA_2018	1570
116.	NZL_2002	1268
185.	CZE_2021	897
97.	LVA_2014	841
87.	JPN_2013	1615
198.	IND_2019	11749
1.	ALB_2005	1042
202.	ISR_2020	674
122.	PER_2006	1799
20.	CAN_1997	1684
187.	DEU_2021	2481
85.	JPN_2004	1293
196.	HKG_2016	715
37.	DEU_1998	1751
219.	ROU_2016	746
151.	SVN_2011	596
110.	NOR_1997	1934
228.	URY_2019	1003
226.	TWN_2016	1355
200.	ISL_2016	812
128.	POL_1997	1809
63.	HKG_1998	784
75.	ISL_2003	1031
7.	AUT_2008	916
141.	ROU_2014	642
18.	BRA_2010	1823
62.	GRC_2015	0
148.	SVN_1996	953
188.	DNK_2019	1099
181.	CHE_2019	4211
127.	PHL_2016	1186
46.	ESP_2000	806
134.	PRT_2005	2039
82.	ISR_2013	806
176.	AUT_2017	969
217.	POL_2019	1324
33.	CZE_2002	806
120.	PER_2000	0
153.	SWE_2002	1060
59.	GBR_2015	1247
143.	RUS_2000	0
184.	CZE_2017	860

Summary Statistics: Max. 230.0; StDev 70.42082448305366; Mean 118.13923316581028; Min. 1.0; Valid 296596.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:+c+uOIPPsE7LX+l81pt/CQ==

name of country

f10851857 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:GZtKzPE95yqJXb3hNHQBQQ==

identifier for election without underscore, full country name

f10851857 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:jRYpu4zg1ulh8lxu+DEAAA==

compulsory voting scale, Varieties of Democracy v13

f10851857 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
0.	voluntary voting	242400
3.	strong compulsory voting	0
1.	weak compulsory voting	22989
2.	medium compulsory voting	31207

Summary Statistics: Max. 2.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.64456806780371; Mean 0.2879438697758865; Valid 296596.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rPZE2fxxops9HMMiEv7bzQ==

education constrained to 0 to 10 scale

f10851857 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 296596.0; Mean 5.095686906445021; Min. 0.0; Max. 10.0; StDev 3.021707036258342

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GRwbTUeP3Q0bpvT40jDdtg==

1 if female, 0 if male

f10851857 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.5132975495286412; Valid 296596.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.49982398650087956

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:u2PAwDRu0hxqzAZv0BQDoA==

household income in quintiles, higher is more

f10851857 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 296596.0; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.3904226642687176; Mean 2.9508927969358782

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fYGbVnwParVDXRB+HnapLg==

1 if R's country is in Latin America

f10851857 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.1136124560007403; Max. 1.0; Valid 296596.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.3173405195970374

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:hVoxOFI+e8VzT1XwRNaAHg==

1 if majoritarian electoral system for lower house, 0 otherwise

f10851857 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.21096373518153733; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.40799338088971104; Valid 296596.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:kPd3KBdonPr+tWBedJNv3A==

CSES respondent identifier

f10851857 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Xyk8OdpT+F8Wm4+NmK667Q==

V-Dem's electoral democracy index

f10851857 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.789087378117033; Min. 0.188; Max. 0.921; StDev 0.16290762590655286; Valid 296596.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gbR5JPdtlyFhYjXReIOCuw==

1 if R voted in the main (as classified by CSES) election

f10851857 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.35061165791341364; Valid 296596.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.8564714291494967; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:RmX2luCw3XmniCuPURsRyQ==

country

f10781203 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:2rCf1qcjW4vwmB3ApGIUBg==

country and year

f10781203 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:vKrjJ5aakULQwlhKwo8kpg==

compulsory voting scale, Varieties of Democracy v13

f10781203 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
3.	strong compulsory voting	0
0.	voluntary voting	54
2.	medium compulsory voting	7
1.	weak compulsory voting	12

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.6534069476745764; Max. 2.0; Valid 73.0; Mean 0.35616438356164365; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:QEh3zfynWjreLlXT+8+DZA==

1 if R's country is in Latin America

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4068477776211283; Valid 73.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.20547945205479456;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:qsahukwF2jR4bk3WtdyETw==

1 if majoritarian electoral system for lower house, 0 otherwise

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.3731881648614997; Max. 1.0; Valid 73.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.16438356164383577

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:P0gq2eQM/p2f2B95SA4A4A==

overeeported turnout rate men minus that of women

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.3054794425221337; StDev 3.52179285668614; Valid 73.0; Min. -7.5; Max. 10.699999809265137

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:r7JsdFmtVTjpabeoUVYn2A==

amount of overreported turnout among men

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 9.960273990484135; StDev 11.201211968735217; Max. 38.599998474121094; Valid 73.0; Min. -28.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Q4okbqLHWIr2YVHPr6X3xw==

actual turnout rate among men minus that of women

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean -1.5342465826909837; Valid 73.0; Max. 5.5; StDev 3.1168992411437553; Min. -8.300000190734863

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0LFJkv6xO5z8vfgjl+rWiQ==

actual turnout rate among men

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 14.235117787917364; Mean 69.60547946250603; Min. 40.5; Max. 95.5999984741211; Valid 73.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:xTsK6ezDZAuaIyh1g5u74Q==

reported turnout rate among men

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 79.56575310066955; Valid 73.0; StDev 12.18903447785943; Max. 98.0; Min. 31.200000762939453

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:UnAyEhR4CI5OLtAL0R/83g==

actual turnout rate among women

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 71.13972614236074; Min. 39.70000076293945; StDev 13.705298680329175; Valid 73.0; Max. 95.9000015258789

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:5Ir0ZI7ov3NyptWQ2wJXyg==

reported turnout rate among women

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 24.600000381469727; Valid 73.0; Mean 78.79452057407327; Max. 98.0999984741211; StDev 12.968893202726932;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:pMr1Er9MfIdIg3kEda3LXA==

V-Dem's electoral democracy index

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.7873287671232877; Valid 73.0; Min. 0.277; StDev 0.1633960810418897; Max. 0.922

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:oW6wZD7Bd1ElPoTP8EHA6w==

overeeported turnout rate women minus that of men

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean -2.3054794425221337; Valid 73.0; Max. 7.5; Min. -10.699999809265137; StDev 3.52179285668614;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:A6JxMWGf4FJRlpIJCJ+xMg==

amount of overreported turnout among women

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -32.70000076293945; StDev 11.21941564286272; Valid 73.0; Max. 33.099998474121094; Mean 7.654794494787306

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:M75VLYm8OE5fak/MomO4rg==

actual turnout rate among women minus that of men

f10781203 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 8.300000190734863; Valid 73.0; Mean 1.5342465826909837; Min. -5.5; StDev 3.1168992411437553

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:OpaelBOlb7I7IKkO0MMpng==

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