Replication Data for: The Mark or Trace of a Criminal Record: A Survey Experiment of Race and Criminal Record Signaling (doi:10.7910/DVN/CEQML7)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
Entire Codebook

Document Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: The Mark or Trace of a Criminal Record: A Survey Experiment of Race and Criminal Record Signaling

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/CEQML7

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Date of Distribution:

2025-03-13

Version:

1

Bibliographic Citation:

Lageson, Sarah, 2025, "Replication Data for: The Mark or Trace of a Criminal Record: A Survey Experiment of Race and Criminal Record Signaling", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/CEQML7, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:J4aLcNieeq4fym35AU7VcA== [fileUNF]

Study Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: The Mark or Trace of a Criminal Record: A Survey Experiment of Race and Criminal Record Signaling

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/CEQML7

Authoring Entity:

Lageson, Sarah (Northeastern University)

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Access Authority:

Lageson, Sarah

Access Authority:

Apel, Robert

Depositor:

Lageson, Sarah

Date of Deposit:

2025-03-13

Holdings Information:

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/CEQML7

Study Scope

Keywords:

Social Sciences

Abstract:

Employment discrimination from a criminal record is a salient social fact, evidenced by a robust body of experimental research. In Part 1 of this study, we analyze prior criminal record hiring experiments—comprising in-person audits, online audits, and opt-in surveys—to describe patterns over time in employer receptivity to applicants of different races with criminal records. In Part 2, we use a novel experimental survey of 1,080 employers to measure how differences in the signaling of a criminal record impact the criminal record-employment relationship. Our results reveal a substantial hiring penalty for an official criminal record (conveyed by a background check report), with a smaller but still significant penalty for an unofficial criminal record (an internet search engine “hit”). The experiment also shows that the official criminal record penalty is significantly larger for White applicants than Black applicants. Although the latter finding was counter to expectations informed by prior studies, it is less surprising considering our Part 1 findings, which reveal a closing racial gap in the criminal record penalty over the last 20 years. We discuss how broader legal, social, and technological changes, as well as changes in methodologies, impact our understanding today of criminal records, race, and employment.

Methodology and Processing

Sources Statement

Data Access

Other Study Description Materials

File Description--f10984020

File: prior-surveys.tab

  • Number of cases: 62

  • No. of variables per record: 14

  • Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:gy4IQuR5Czbutwk5juENcA==

Data: Quantitative review of prior surveys

File Description--f10984019

File: RUTG0003_OUTPUT.tab

  • Number of cases: 1080

  • No. of variables per record: 47

  • Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:gU6OIG1bCKkmygcojLeTHA==

Data: Survey experiment

File Description--f10984016

File: yougov-callback.tab

  • Number of cases: 1080

  • No. of variables per record: 6

  • Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:tw4A2Zga51N3o5+MmDPCMw==

Data: Survey experiment callbacks

Variable Description

List of Variables:
  • num - num
  • study - study
  • end.year - end.year
  • design - design
  • group - group
  • record - record
  • race - race
  • rec.num - rec.num
  • no.rec.num - no.rec.num
  • n.apps - n.apps
  • mean - mean
  • sd - sd
  • norm - norm
  • callback - callback
  • caseid - Case ID
  • weight - Weight
  • applicant_cond - Applicant treatment condition
  • q1 - How likely to call back or interview
  • q2_6_a - Accurate/inaccurate about applicant -- Be a hard worker
  • q2_6_b - Accurate/inaccurate about applicant -- Be respectful of workplace authority
  • q2_6_c - Accurate/inaccurate about applicant -- Steal from the workplace
  • q2_6_d - Accurate/inaccurate about applicant -- Work well with customers
  • q2_6_e - Accurate/inaccurate about applicant -- Follow workplace rules
  • q7_10_a - Agree/disagree criminal conviction -- Most criminal offenders are unlikely to ch
  • q7_10_b - Agree/disagree criminal conviction -- Most people with criminal convictions can
  • q7_10_c - Agree/disagree criminal conviction -- Given the right conditions, a great many p
  • q7_10_d - Agree/disagree criminal conviction -- Some people with convictions are so damage
  • q11_14_a - Support/oppose public policies -- Increasing the use of the death penalty for a
  • q11_14_b - Support/oppose public policies -- Reducing the use of mandatory minimum laws, li
  • q11_14_c - Support/oppose public policies -- Increasing the use of rehabilitation in prison
  • q11_14_d - Support/oppose public policies -- Sending fewer juveniles to adult courts
  • q13 - Courts are too harsh or lenient on criminals
  • q14 - Agree/disagree with expunging criminal records policy
  • q16 - Expunging criminal records is a good or bad policy
  • count_page - Number of times the applicant info page was viewed
  • time_page - Total amount of time spent on applicant info page (seconds)
  • birthyr - Birth Year
  • gender - Gender
  • race - Race
  • educ - Education
  • marstat - Marital Status
  • employ - Employment Status
  • industrynaics - NAICS Industry Code
  • faminc_new - Family income
  • child18 - Children under age 18 in household
  • pid3 - 3 point party ID
  • pid7 - 7 point Party ID
  • presvote16post - 2016 President Vote Post Election
  • presvote20post - 2020 President Vote Post Election
  • inputzip - Residence zip code
  • inputstate - State of Residence
  • votereg - Voter Registration Status
  • ideo5 - Ideology
  • newsint - Political Interest
  • religpew - Religion
  • pew_churatd - Church attendance (Pew version)
  • pew_bornagain - Born Again (Pew version)
  • pew_religimp - Importance of religion (Pew version)
  • pew_prayer - Frequency of Prayer (Pew version)
  • starttime - Questionnaire Start Time
  • endtime - Questionnaire End Time
  • tx - tx
  • txblack - txblack
  • txrecord - txrecord
  • txgoogle - txgoogle
  • tx4 - tx4
  • callback - callback

Variables

num

f10984020 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.8340022496492943; Mean 29.693548387096776; Min. 27.0; Max. 33.0; Valid 62.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gc4HSUEzUn2cELhEsUV5ow==

study

f10984020 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:OJd0VXcSL9zepAUgnUDWpg==

end.year

f10984020 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 2000.7096774193549; Min. 1983.0; StDev 17.261144745555622; Valid 62.0; Max. 2021.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:A4N/UNMCVp3nhvgAF5puSg==

design

f10984020 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:cfYPHn0+1D3+n0DLUSMvoA==

group

f10984020 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:9c6l6hTPXfu8WMKY4RWz+A==

record

f10984020 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:CQhe7QAMLuoQsAX41f4Qvg==

race

f10984020 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:o9kfW+6X5A3ZiD2xkiPTTA==

rec.num

f10984020 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 4.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 54.0; StDev 1.1483588995276648; Mean 1.5296296296296297

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:EoIWD+FJXBRkYp0+FbejsA==

no.rec.num

f10984020 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 4.0; Valid 54.0; Mean 0.24074074074074087; StDev 0.7754532499365625; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:diS9+jpfx8lqlgbsjCe7Jw==

n.apps

f10984020 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 2841.0; StDev 660.1609806400241; Valid 62.0; Min. 25.0; Mean 546.0645161290323;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:m/IWO9HQPiieGe4kDu1dDg==

mean

f10984020 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 66.97; Valid 62.0; StDev 24.205593254815238; Min. 0.08; Mean 27.75725806451613

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:TCI7/36hyi7c7vVyxaR97w==

sd

f10984020 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.79; Max. 10.0; Valid 22.0; Mean 1.6627272727272728; StDev 1.8898933752190807

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:jl3srXd+tuevsFiY3hCmSw==

norm

f10984020 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.08; Max. 0.93; StDev 0.20588152549060712; Valid 62.0; Mean 0.5264516129032258;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:btMAmA3FmWn2lL3XO6mCcA==

callback

f10984020 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 52.62096774193548; Max. 92.5; StDev 20.530937368080814; Valid 62.0; Min. 7.5

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:XMIKFLb+J6r2cnFLWLRevw==

Case ID

f10984019 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.524819717E9; Valid 1080.0; StDev 2304575.795980934; Mean 1.5219055829166667E9; Min. 1.507467145E9

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HlwPz5ZXwx8fc+T3gBxWtg==

Weight

f10984019 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1080.0; Min. 0.475245669508992; Mean 1.0000000000000002; StDev 0.42445798357312853; Max. 6.11750570289726

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:JdbH/DTgZi3whgh7bC+H/Q==

Applicant treatment condition

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

5.

White male – clean record, clean Google

135

99.

not asked

0

1.

Black male – clean record, clean Google

135

98.

skipped

0

8.

White male – criminal record, criminal record on Google

135

3.

Black male – criminal record, clean Google

135

7.

White male – criminal record, clean Google

135

6.

White male – clean record, criminal record on Google

135

4.

Black male – criminal record, criminal record on Google

135

2.

Black male – clean record, criminal record on Google

135

Summary Statistics: Valid 1080.0; Mean 4.5; StDev 2.292349366111414; Min. 1.0; Max. 8.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PASs936vw2mzYwRaDTztAg==

How likely to call back or interview

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

3.

Somewhat likely

182

7.

Very unlikely

72

5.

Somewhat unlikely

143

6.

Unlikely

62

98.

skipped

1

99.

not asked

0

4.

Neither likely nor unlikely

121

1.

Very likely

221

2.

Likely

278

Summary Statistics: Max. 98.0; Valid 1080.0; StDev 3.4076344693985265; Mean 3.237037037037036; Min. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ndWoIXI+S3U4Yuhw4iFujA==

Accurate/inaccurate about applicant -- Be a hard worker

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

5.

Very inaccurate

21

1.

Very accurate

184

4.

Somewhat inaccurate

45

8.

skipped

4

3.

Neither accurate nor inaccurate

547

9.

not asked

0

2.

Somewhat accurate

279

Summary Statistics: Valid 1080.0; StDev 0.9500987705349434; Min. 1.0; Max. 8.0; Mean 2.5

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GUNkKN/FHbGvkBicXuPd2g==

Accurate/inaccurate about applicant -- Be respectful of workplace authority

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

9.

not asked

0

3.

Neither accurate nor inaccurate

497

1.

Very accurate

169

8.

skipped

4

5.

Very inaccurate

36

2.

Somewhat accurate

260

4.

Somewhat inaccurate

114

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Mean 2.6370370370370373; StDev 1.0331477937739115; Max. 8.0; Valid 1080.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WmiAjN1bnQUFggD7djakuw==

Accurate/inaccurate about applicant -- Steal from the workplace

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

2.

Somewhat accurate

270

4.

Somewhat inaccurate

156

8.

skipped

1

5.

Very inaccurate

205

9.

not asked

0

3.

Neither accurate nor inaccurate

393

1.

Very accurate

55

Summary Statistics: Max. 8.0; StDev 1.1621228284052212; Valid 1080.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 3.176851851851852

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fWncoBacGTwJmCyYk97S1A==

Accurate/inaccurate about applicant -- Work well with customers

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

3.

Neither accurate nor inaccurate

508

9.

not asked

0

8.

skipped

1

2.

Somewhat accurate

289

5.

Very inaccurate

14

1.

Very accurate

233

4.

Somewhat inaccurate

35

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.9132896200999261; Max. 8.0; Valid 1080.0; Mean 2.3638888888888903; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:hkkUAQoA3isTRxVenswcmg==

Accurate/inaccurate about applicant -- Follow workplace rules

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

3.

Neither accurate nor inaccurate

440

8.

skipped

4

1.

Very accurate

169

9.

not asked

0

2.

Somewhat accurate

294

4.

Somewhat inaccurate

137

5.

Very inaccurate

36

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.0548538660309925; Mean 2.6268518518518515; Min. 1.0; Valid 1080.0; Max. 8.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:NtsGScuKxXIKPrs2VlZp8w==

Agree/disagree criminal conviction -- Most criminal offenders are unlikely to ch

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

6.

Strongly disagree

131

2.

Agree

83

5.

Disagree

227

3.

Somewhat agree

246

4.

Somewhat disagree

368

9.

not asked

0

1.

Strongly agree

24

8.

skipped

1

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.202763654166933; Min. 1.0; Max. 8.0; Valid 1080.0; Mean 4.008333333333334

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:DW1wYvQ79RqF01kJYLmQJg==

Agree/disagree criminal conviction -- Most people with criminal convictions can

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

8.

skipped

15

3.

Somewhat agree

322

9.

not asked

0

1.

Strongly agree

289

4.

Somewhat disagree

77

6.

Strongly disagree

6

5.

Disagree

14

2.

Agree

357

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.3175925925925935; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.2070482462240142; Max. 8.0; Valid 1080.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:svktosbHCWzbkaJkGxDOcA==

Agree/disagree criminal conviction -- Given the right conditions, a great many p

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

5.

Disagree

12

4.

Somewhat disagree

52

3.

Somewhat agree

236

8.

skipped

1

6.

Strongly disagree

4

9.

not asked

0

1.

Strongly agree

384

2.

Agree

391

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 8.0; Valid 1080.0; Mean 2.0129629629629617; StDev 0.9797857374474235

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:C4bQQUD7zGCg3Aht9o9bzQ==

Agree/disagree criminal conviction -- Some people with convictions are so damage

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

5.

Disagree

108

4.

Somewhat disagree

157

6.

Strongly disagree

51

8.

skipped

1

2.

Agree

258

9.

not asked

0

3.

Somewhat agree

409

1.

Strongly agree

96

Summary Statistics: Valid 1080.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.2584929274983998; Mean 3.0749999999999984; Max. 8.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:R+d2Vw1yY3F0JTesxGd0+Q==

Support/oppose public policies -- Increasing the use of the death penalty for a

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

8.

skipped

14

9.

not asked

0

4.

Somewhat oppose

162

5.

Oppose

156

2.

Support

128

3.

Somewhat support

172

1.

Strongly support

128

6.

Strongly oppose

320

Summary Statistics: Valid 1080.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.799628866722566; Max. 8.0; Mean 4.037037037037036

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:W7GPOaBn6PCH8OhMYRCywQ==

Support/oppose public policies -- Reducing the use of mandatory minimum laws, li

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

1.

Strongly support

298

4.

Somewhat oppose

185

3.

Somewhat support

216

6.

Strongly oppose

101

9.

not asked

0

2.

Support

171

5.

Oppose

108

8.

skipped

1

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 1.6424865260097108; Mean 2.946296296296296; Max. 8.0; Valid 1080.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YqnFgB8i0jLlh4TAAOkIXA==

Support/oppose public policies -- Increasing the use of rehabilitation in prison

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

5.

Oppose

19

8.

skipped

2

3.

Somewhat support

168

6.

Strongly oppose

5

4.

Somewhat oppose

38

1.

Strongly support

558

2.

Support

290

9.

not asked

0

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.034226596281478; Min. 1.0; Mean 1.7916666666666683; Valid 1080.0; Max. 8.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:6Sih7a+2pJKpW30ZUcXq5g==

Support/oppose public policies -- Sending fewer juveniles to adult courts

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

3.

Somewhat support

208

6.

Strongly oppose

33

8.

skipped

0

4.

Somewhat oppose

174

9.

not asked

0

1.

Strongly support

389

5.

Oppose

66

2.

Support

210

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.4234524344510155; Max. 6.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 2.460185185185187; Valid 1080.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:kKh89wUxxrX0XsMCfJUp+g==

Courts are too harsh or lenient on criminals

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

4.

A bit too lenient

348

9.

not asked

0

2.

Too harsh

193

1.

Much too harsh

95

3.

A bit too harsh

268

8.

skipped

5

5.

Lenient

89

6.

Much too lenient

82

Summary Statistics: Valid 1080.0; Max. 8.0; StDev 1.3550783212490665; Mean 3.3833333333333293; Min. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sznfVnqpNX+KoFJfXZ4cMg==

Agree/disagree with expunging criminal records policy

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

1.

Strongly agree

353

2.

Agree

299

6.

Strongly disagree

26

8.

skipped

0

5.

Disagree

43

9.

not asked

0

3.

Somewhat agree

267

4.

Somewhat disagree

92

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.251340200777243; Min. 1.0; Valid 1080.0; Max. 6.0; Mean 2.3064814814814802;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:nFMI4KHD3CYA/SCfcOdjhw==

Expunging criminal records is a good or bad policy

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

8.

skipped

5

9.

not asked

0

1.

Expunging criminal records is a good policy because it gives

868

2.

Expunging criminal records is a bad policy because public access to criminal rec

207

Summary Statistics: Max. 8.0; Valid 1080.0; StDev 0.6071660984115521; Mean 1.224074074074074; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ETpkwOZPRfarvwBh85vkhQ==

Number of times the applicant info page was viewed

f10984019 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1.194444444444445; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.48054520576020554; Valid 1080.0; Max. 5.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:IK0tTeH87fs5ZaZCLAw/dQ==

Total amount of time spent on applicant info page (seconds)

f10984019 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 267.7402481481481; Valid 1080.0; Max. 84241.17; Min. 90.839; StDev 2629.9161680110424

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:RpBlPEbb68qRObXBRctxNg==

Birth Year

f10984019 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 9.880305136055968; Valid 1080.0; Max. 1999.0; Min. 1956.0; Mean 1975.2120370370371;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fX/RKITDaftrwomLTYPuGQ==

Gender

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

1.

Male

566

9.

not asked

0

8.

skipped

0

2.

Female

514

Summary Statistics: Max. 2.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 1.4759259259259268; Valid 1080.0; StDev 0.499651476375653

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Y9h5lakHHxoa2YxDPw7JuA==

Race

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

5.

Native American

12

7.

Other

34

99.

not asked

0

6.

Two or more races

23

98.

skipped

0

8.

Middle Eastern

2

3.

Hispanic

36

2.

Black

76

4.

Asian

51

1.

White

846

Summary Statistics: Valid 1080.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.4718015634260775; Mean 1.6314814814814815; Max. 8.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gsTW5GYZPq4Igl6ilbdcSw==

Education

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

3.

Some college

226

1.

No HS

5

5.

4-year

406

6.

Post-grad

279

2.

High school graduate

56

4.

2-year

108

9.

not asked

0

8.

skipped

0

Summary Statistics: Max. 6.0; StDev 1.2445739162461844; Min. 1.0; Mean 4.565740740740741; Valid 1080.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tFOvCe+1ULF1eGciBsacwQ==

Marital Status

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

8.

skipped

0

2.

Separated

13

5.

Never married

233

4.

Widowed

18

9.

not asked

0

3.

Divorced

97

6.

Domestic / civil partnership

46

1.

Married

673

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.317592592592595; StDev 1.8179584381896414; Min. 1.0; Max. 6.0; Valid 1080.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:7ym98Yq+PWbSwsLI0baYLA==

Employment Status

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

99.

not asked

0

98.

skipped

0

8.

Student

0

1.

Full-time

987

2.

Part-time

93

5.

Retired

0

9.

Other

0

4.

Unemployed

0

3.

Temporarily laid off

0

7.

Homemaker

0

6.

Permanently disabled

0

Summary Statistics: Max. 2.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.28065801581499783; Mean 1.086111111111111; Valid 1080.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:N1jiJIyFJimQcu3BWysseQ==

NAICS Industry Code

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

18.

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

24

15.

Law and Legal Services

23

17.

Health Care and Social Assistance

108

16.

Education

120

19.

Restaurant, Travel and Lodging

31

9.

Finance, Accounting, and Consulting

55

10.

Insurance

19

2.

Mining, Oil and Gas Extraction, and Utilities

11

8.

Media, Communications, and Digital Entertainment

39

21.

Maintenance and Repair Services

15

22.

Government

82

1.

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting

21

14.

Engineering, Computer-Related Design, and Architecture

48

7.

Transportation and Warehousing

25

3.

Construction

53

5.

Wholesale Trade

13

998.

skipped

0

4.

Manufacturing

72

20.

Non-profit, Community, Religious and Social Service Organizations

58

23.

Other

132

13.

Research

18

999.

not asked

0

11.

Real Estate, Rental, and Leasing

17

99.

Not applicable – I am currently not employed

0

6.

Retail Trade

79

12.

Personal Care and Services

17

Summary Statistics: Mean 13.828703703703704; Valid 1080.0; StDev 6.859324588754201; Min. 1.0; Max. 23.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:b+5rKbG7L8mVr3ZUSOEeHw==

Family income

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

14.

$250,000 - $349,999

31

3.

$20,000 - $29,999

27

5.

$40,000 - $49,999

49

2.

$10,000 - $19,999

21

999.

not asked

0

9.

$80,000 - $99,999

128

16.

$500,000 or more

13

97.

Prefer not to say

84

10.

$100,000 - $119,999

121

11.

$120,000 - $149,999

128

12.

$150,000 - $199,999

115

8.

$70,000 - $79,999

93

1.

Less than $10,000

13

7.

$60,000 - $69,999

56

13.

$200,000 - $249,999

59

6.

$50,000 - $59,999

86

15.

$350,000 - $499,999

14

4.

$30,000 - $39,999

42

998.

skipped

0

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Valid 1080.0; Max. 97.0; StDev 23.778903197093015; Mean 15.850000000000025

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:I7oqNxy7Qx6Dz4d/2Ucy5g==

Children under age 18 in household

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

9.

not asked

0

8.

skipped

0

1.

Yes

424

2.

No

656

Summary Statistics: Max. 2.0; Mean 1.6074074074074072; Valid 1080.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.48855363384431133

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:RRn6XqzXXACV2qjxgYNRog==

3 point party ID

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

2.

Republican

216

5.

Not sure

16

4.

Other

54

8.

skipped

0

9.

not asked

0

3.

Independent

335

1.

Democrat

459

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.0296296296296283; Max. 5.0; Valid 1080.0; StDev 1.033745653368851; Min. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zTzcad1mI8rUnQozusNiYw==

7 point Party ID

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

4.

Independent

170

9.

Don't know

0

6.

Not very strong Republican

79

5.

Lean Republican

101

8.

Not sure

4

98.

skipped

0

3.

Lean Democrat

130

2.

Not very strong Democrat

114

1.

Strong Democrat

345

7.

Strong Republican

137

99.

not asked

0

Summary Statistics: StDev 2.1401707232386573; Mean 3.3453703703703668; Min. 1.0; Valid 1080.0; Max. 8.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:TDWPoj0mytAElrKHi9BabQ==

2016 President Vote Post Election

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

7.

Did not vote for President

182

1.

Hillary Clinton

490

4.

Jill Stein

27

6.

Other

22

5.

Evan McMullin

5

2.

Donald Trump

300

98.

skipped

0

99.

not asked

0

3.

Gary Johnson

54

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 7.0; Valid 1080.0; Mean 2.58425925925926; StDev 2.201678609629368;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sfmYGZk3M1OaPifyYtTfQw==

2020 President Vote Post Election

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

5.

Other

14

2.

Donald Trump

349

4.

Howie Hawkins

4

1.

Joe Biden

638

8.

skipped

0

6.

Did not vote for President

57

9.

not asked

0

3.

Jo Jorgensen

18

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Mean 1.6833333333333331; Valid 1080.0; StDev 1.2183718758258995; Max. 6.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:L53lYOcbGIykha9MQDc21w==

Residence zip code

f10984019 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 99712.0; Min. 1020.0; Mean 51944.66944444443; StDev 30680.7088124973; Valid 1080.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:S1PRitAaqLVJe0tiM2ck5A==

State of Residence

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

99.

Not in the U.S. or Canada

0

25.

Massachusetts

31

6.

California

111

64.

Federated States of Micronesia

0

51.

Virginia

43

5.

Arkansas

9

23.

Maine

5

82.

British Columbia

0

49.

Utah

11

45.

South Carolina

11

30.

Montana

10

38.

North Dakota

7

999.

not asked

0

50.

Vermont

2

56.

Wyoming

1

55.

Wisconsin

27

1.

Alabama

14

91.

Quebec

0

16.

Idaho

9

81.

Alberta

0

26.

Michigan

22

8.

Colorado

36

28.

Mississippi

7

2.

Alaska

1

69.

Northern Mariana Islands

0

92.

Saskatchewan

0

93.

Yukon Territory

0

53.

Washington

40

39.

Ohio

36

11.

District of Columbia

7

20.

Kansas

5

89.

Ontario

0

17.

Illinois

35

12.

Florida

55

84.

New Brunswick

0

66.

Guam

0

31.

Nebraska

3

19.

Iowa

17

24.

Maryland

24

87.

Nova Scotia

0

22.

Louisiana

9

85.

Newfoundland

0

10.

Delaware

3

44.

Rhode Island

3

86.

Northwest Territories

0

83.

Manitoba

0

4.

Arizona

19

90.

Prince Edward Island

0

74.

U.S. Minor Outlying Islands

0

998.

skipped

0

70.

Palau

0

41.

Oregon

32

34.

New Jersey

32

88.

Nunavut

0

32.

Nevada

11

48.

Texas

82

68.

Marshall Islands

0

40.

Oklahoma

13

27.

Minnesota

12

36.

New York

70

54.

West Virginia

5

35.

New Mexico

5

33.

New Hampshire

7

18.

Indiana

18

60.

American Samoa

0

21.

Kentucky

14

13.

Georgia

25

29.

Missouri

23

72.

Puerto Rico

0

46.

South Dakota

6

9.

Connecticut

8

15.

Hawaii

5

37.

North Carolina

31

78.

Virgin Islands

0

42.

Pennsylvania

43

47.

Tennessee

25

Summary Statistics: Valid 1080.0; Max. 56.0; StDev 16.25975052636068; Mean 29.188888888888886; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fW1jWUIwqJpI5VWQTDncrQ==

Voter Registration Status

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

9.

not asked

0

3.

Don't know

2

2.

No

36

1.

Yes

1042

8.

skipped

0

Summary Statistics: Mean 1.0370370370370372; Max. 3.0; Min. 1.0; Valid 1080.0; StDev 0.19850814892244972

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:wTJfHqXEBIbo4/qb4D+1FA==

Ideology

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

4.

Conservative

184

5.

Very conservative

90

1.

Very liberal

207

2.

Liberal

247

9.

not asked

0

3.

Moderate

330

6.

Not sure

22

8.

skipped

0

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Mean 2.7861111111111114; Valid 1080.0; StDev 1.2799124110825881; Max. 6.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:CKDdWs3KU5yoDsE9iHeGyQ==

Political Interest

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

2.

Some of the time

290

7.

Don't know

4

4.

Hardly at all

24

1.

Most of the time

684

99.

not asked

0

98.

skipped

3

3.

Only now and then

75

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 98.0; Mean 1.7657407407407422; Valid 1080.0; StDev 5.143333178835855

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:cPaAhNZJLNj7fEmL2CVdSQ==

Religion

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

3.

Mormon

19

99.

not asked

0

11.

Nothing in particular

173

7.

Buddhist

12

8.

Hindu

6

9.

Atheist

128

6.

Muslim

5

2.

Roman Catholic

191

5.

Jewish

39

10.

Agnostic

107

4.

Eastern or Greek Orthodox

8

98.

skipped

0

1.

Protestant

323

12.

Something else

69

Summary Statistics: Mean 5.651851851851846; Max. 12.0; StDev 4.406488632977947; Min. 1.0; Valid 1080.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9ZW8rs7TKehyDFv86nTtGA==

Church attendance (Pew version)

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

3.

Once or twice a month

77

1.

More than once a week

58

99.

not asked

0

2.

Once a week

198

4.

A few times a year

128

6.

Never

395

5.

Seldom

216

98.

skipped

0

7.

Don't know

8

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Mean 4.354629629629631; Max. 7.0; StDev 1.7013261065167236; Valid 1080.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J55tGxFnOw2Pj52l9zE2NA==

Born Again (Pew version)

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

8.

skipped

0

9.

not asked

0

1.

Yes

257

2.

No

823

Summary Statistics: Mean 1.7620370370370373; Valid 1080.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.4260336267044701; Max. 2.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rLykXP6RwitVfFb17JTl6g==

Importance of religion (Pew version)

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

3.

Not too important

149

2.

Somewhat important

245

1.

Very important

320

9.

not asked

0

4.

Not at all important

366

8.

skipped

0

Summary Statistics: Valid 1080.0; Mean 2.5194444444444435; Max. 4.0; StDev 1.2334508456236446; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:7KsiVjQIpZQPL9RQA1yJjQ==

Frequency of Prayer (Pew version)

f10984019 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

2.

Once a day

124

6.

Seldom

165

99.

not asked

0

5.

A few times a month

77

3.

A few times a week

130

1.

Several times a day

233

8.

Don't know

19

7.

Never

303

4.

Once a week

29

98.

skipped

0

Summary Statistics: Mean 4.291666666666665; StDev 2.435283770643331; Valid 1080.0; Min. 1.0; Max. 8.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0jlHppA1ACFitXdOMQkGvw==

Questionnaire Start Time

f10984019 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:H3UMFAurOpBn7Nv2f6ApJQ==

Questionnaire End Time

f10984019 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:APhkEOSA1re8dL3BPj0OpA==

tx

f10984016 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 8.0; Mean 4.5; Valid 1080.0; StDev 2.292349366111414;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PASs936vw2mzYwRaDTztAg==

txblack

f10984016 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:qewN13APMVecvQO/9pHjZg==

txrecord

f10984016 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:P+w+n6W4TEfl8aWtoNKucg==

txgoogle

f10984016 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:AQMk7zlxrKagYkv1CsiQQg==

tx4

f10984016 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 4.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 2.5; StDev 1.1185519568058262; Valid 1080.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:v352d6Qg3RcQ4hFwOgnNZg==

callback

f10984016 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1079.0; Max. 7.0; Mean 4.850787766450417; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.8123921068004774

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:qbxjJqz12TjFNslWU8E4Rw==

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

prior-audits.csv

Text:

Data: Quantitative Review of Prior Audit Studies

Notes:

text/csv

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Replication-MetaReview.R

Text:

Replication code for quantitative review of prior studies

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Replication-YouGov.do

Text:

Replication code for survey experiment

Notes:

application/x-stata-syntax