Go Arm Me: How Militant Fragmentation Affects External Support (doi:10.7910/DVN/FN8WEC)

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Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
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Go Arm Me: How Militant Fragmentation Affects External Support

doi:10.7910/DVN/FN8WEC

Harvard Dataverse

2023-05-08

1

Berlin, Mark, 2023, "Go Arm Me: How Militant Fragmentation Affects External Support", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/FN8WEC, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:gsVaDy8lWnuiFPLOoLzc5g== [fileUNF]

Go Arm Me: How Militant Fragmentation Affects External Support

doi:10.7910/DVN/FN8WEC

Berlin, Mark (George Washington University)

Harvard Dataverse

Malone, Iris

Interactions, International

2023-03-30

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/FN8WEC

Social Sciences, external support, fragmentation, Civil war, Conflict, Cooperation, Alliances, Foreign policy, Terrorism

Over the last fifty years, civil conflicts have grown increasingly complex due to the proliferation of new armed groups and rebel fragmentation. Yet, existing research on external support for armed groups often ignores this multi-actor dimension, overlooking the unusual amount of discretion sponsors have in deciding whom to support in any given target state. This paper explores how multi-militant conflict environments impact foreign state sponsorship decisions. Conventional wisdom predicts that shared ethnic and ideological ties increase the likelihood of external support for an armed group because these ties signal a lower risk of misuse (agency slack). In contrast, this paper highlights how an increasing number of armed groups in a conflict setting can decrease the importance of shared ties between state sponsors and militants. We argue this change occurs because multi-militant environments reduce a group's willingness to misuse support and improve a sponsor's options to shift support if misuse occurs. We utilize a mixed-methods approach to examine this logic, drawing on an original dataset of 1,402 armed groups and qualitative evidence from Iraq during Saddam Hussein's rule. The results advance understanding of the consequences of conflict fragmentation and external support for non-rebel actors.

• Number of cases: 137

• No. of variables per record: 22

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:Yu1NzvJUpI7iVRJLvPPEpg==

• Number of cases: 536

• No. of variables per record: 9

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:nLlkBBbdm9cmcJmtaajCLg==

• Number of cases: 5762

• No. of variables per record: 60

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:VLtCUB4cTmjWXNAsvCBx+Q==

• ccode - ccode
• noact - noact
• nonew - nonew
• noonset - noonset
• noonset1000 - noonset1000
• nocenter - nocenter
• nosep - nosep
• noleft - noleft
• noislam - noislam
• norelig - norelig
• noethno - noethno
• nocenterinsurg - nocenterinsurg
• nosepinsurg - nosepinsurg
• noleftinsurg - noleftinsurg
• noreliginsurg - noreliginsurg
• noethnoinsurg - noethnoinsurg
• ssa - ssa
• mena - mena
• americas - americas
• asia - asia
• europe - europe
• region - region
• targetstate - targetstate
• abbrev1 - abbrev1
• sponsorstate - sponsorstate
• abbrev2 - abbrev2
• prop_sponsor - prop_sponsor
• sponsor_totalgroups - sponsor_totalgroups
• target_totalgroups - target_totalgroups
• target_total - target_total
• dyad_totalgroups - dyad_totalgroups
• ccode - ccode
• year - year
• noact - noact
• nonew - nonew
• noonset1 - noonset1
• noonset1000 - noonset1000
• noleftonset - noleftonset
• nocenteronset - nocenteronset
• noseponset - noseponset
• noethnoonset - noethnoonset
• noislamonset - noislamonset
• noislaminsurg - noislaminsurg
• nocenter - nocenter
• nosep - nosep
• noleft - noleft
• norelig - norelig
• noislam - noislam
• noethno - noethno
• nonewcenter - nonewcenter
• nonewsep - nonewsep
• nonewleft - nonewleft
• nonewrelig - nonewrelig
• nonewethno - nonewethno
• nonewislam - nonewislam
• nocenterinsurg - nocenterinsurg
• nosepinsurg - nosepinsurg
• noleftinsurg - noleftinsurg
• noreliginsurg - noreliginsurg
• noethnoinsurg - noethnoinsurg
• noactiveinsurgency - noactiveinsurgency
• meandurationleft - meandurationleft
• meandurationislam - meandurationislam
• meandurationethno - meandurationethno
• noinsurg - noinsurg
• noact2 - noact2
• nonew2 - nonew2
• nocenter2 - nocenter2
• nosep2 - nosep2
• noonset2 - noonset2
• noleft2 - noleft2
• norelig2 - norelig2
• noislam2 - noislam2
• noethno2 - noethno2
• nocenterinsurg2 - nocenterinsurg2
• nosepinsurg2 - nosepinsurg2
• noleftinsurg2 - noleftinsurg2
• noreliginsurg2 - noreliginsurg2
• noislaminsurg2 - noislaminsurg2
• noethnoinsurg2 - noethnoinsurg2
• nonewrelig2 - nonewrelig2
• nonewislam2 - nonewislam2
• nonewethno2 - nonewethno2
• nonewleft2 - nonewleft2
• nonewsep2 - nonewsep2
• nonewcenter2 - nonewcenter2
• noseponset2 - noseponset2
• nocenteronset2 - nocenteronset2
• noethnoonset2 - noethnoonset2
• noislamonset2 - noislamonset2
• noleftonset2 - noleftonset2

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 137.0; Max. 940.0; Min. 2.0; StDev 241.9583239044593; Mean 460.0875912408762

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:AVgnkdgj6ASLbBODkE9eyw==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 122.0; Valid 137.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 17.18631641383173; Mean 11.5036496350365

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:wgq8YoRgpPWz39WV5LliRA==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 2.0; StDev 0.3847400465145442; Valid 137.0; Mean 0.11678832116788328; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:+zXGuEV7oTQc6PU5JVKGBw==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 25.0; Mean 2.291970802919709; StDev 4.082171754646708; Valid 137.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:01BFkT6zbivZp5vW10MvFA==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.4654310602540248; Valid 137.0; Mean 0.7445255474452549; Min. 0.0; Max. 8.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LL8ZhnFJp99OLo7r8kUPyA==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 137.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 88.0; StDev 10.782227994826354; Mean 7.656934306569345

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:D8yH4tR9LkZ0C0ESOxY9vw==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 9.128595623132046; Max. 85.0; Mean 3.240875912408761; Min. 0.0; Valid 137.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Qfy0axdcbo6MeNUv1LHBlQ==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 137.0; StDev 4.177535559283352; Mean 2.576642335766424; Min. 0.0; Max. 26.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:I10VSlq3t9lYFfqVnwLDyA==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 5.129359250462884; Valid 137.0; Mean 2.5182481751824826; Min. 0.0; Max. 35.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Mn0Ykzf59+lokPl/r5OBMg==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.131386861313867; Max. 41.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 6.581857325754703; Valid 137.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9HSxI8qVZDf7UBzkWtUfEg==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 74.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 137.0; Mean 4.8978102189781; StDev 10.131695078791147

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2BOR2Edl59nZis3ddqlJCQ==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 3.228066436802832; Mean 2.243589743589743; Valid 78.0; Max. 22.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YC6yJBQmsEFfj/OgGBPvcQ==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 78.0; StDev 3.1975942088715263; Min. 0.0; Max. 22.0; Mean 1.4487179487179487

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:bz/16DpAAupV77ijNoxIOA==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 78.0; Mean 0.8076923076923077; StDev 1.3869305763362574; Min. 0.0; Max. 10.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:IwOKj90FHuQ52L1s1k7pcA==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.9743589743589743; StDev 1.7281050275799168; Max. 9.0; Valid 78.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rKjoqXB6b5OhL9XCoNAANQ==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 78.0; StDev 3.278300283264599; Min. 0.0; Mean 2.076923076923077; Max. 18.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fd/KQ4kvbH79pF+XQrOdJQ==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.2554744525547444; Max. 1.0; Valid 137.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4377280427572103

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ccyLsqZChKZYCYUV8V1KfA==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 137.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.3543873334901469; Mean 0.14598540145985414

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rLx9ne0SZMaiKXjw+x8+0Q==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.18248175182481796; StDev 0.38765847048411894; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 137.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0nqr8vQk8sJMwcxj87K3uA==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.18978102189781015; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.3935667727809137; Min. 0.0; Valid 137.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:v2wLEWzl9aNLVPfHNqhzSQ==

f7019954 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.22627737226277375; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 137.0; StDev 0.41995624299245565

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:6a3u3u9S1s9KDP5Y7NqiWQ==

f7019954 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:eOzDa/tCSB+QEzrGquOccw==

f7019962 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 2.0; Valid 536.0; Mean 495.52611940298345; StDev 229.2287093399526; Max. 940.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LHpVY7XAdCVSNF/DLnGNKQ==

f7019962 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:IX/ozFvBhRMzH1cFXT5zzw==

f7019962 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 227.30937898595184; Max. 940.0; Mean 505.149367088607; Min. 2.0; Valid 395.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:enAV4p1v+uaIh169i42Yyw==

f7019962 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:2lflDlm66Lw4NkCM5dAgpQ==

f7019962 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 536.0; Mean 0.09264066819496267; StDev 0.14775394345791132; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2i8WpRqaQEi9Hqguqp+M8Q==

f7019962 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 55.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 20.397468354430384; Valid 395.0; StDev 18.3083153189516

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:69qmI6ZBRxmmwyiNqeegDw==

f7019962 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 536.0; Mean 12.796641791044795; StDev 12.489310117297364; Max. 48.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KBmBgKco+vzhX05xaV3YBg==

f7019962 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 26.400805579017696; Min. 1.0; Max. 127.0; Mean 26.35261194029852; Valid 536.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:l8Pb3imz5YMBmJOfVLL+kA==

f7019962 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1.464552238805971; Valid 536.0; Max. 31.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 2.218581887947274

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:BxcqmMoM6lxMD4M7P2v4ag==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5762.0; Mean 461.1492537313314; Min. 2.0; StDev 241.70911493062644; Max. 940.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:106l5CjVB2wmYfI+d+CFnw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 12.410750640885137; Min. 1970.0; Mean 1991.0; Valid 5762.0; Max. 2012.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YOvJkK4PSQEGTvbNI193EQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 69.0; Valid 5762.0; Mean 2.4947934744879605; StDev 5.284023727523837;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ZvLYQNiln5r0wA3Asg9U6A==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5762.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 17.0; StDev 0.7578350652443567; Mean 0.24939257202360265;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:bYVhQ2EUMd9vjGUaBW4fqQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.04998264491495939; Min. 0.0; Valid 5762.0; StDev 0.26794394764726165; Max. 7.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:wNLfVJa9sTJhodumbSGbxQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.014751822283929034; StDev 0.1477400753246961; Valid 5762.0; Max. 6.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WsLI63dCtmBT0Uo1sbJp6A==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 2.0; StDev 0.11203501501126027; Mean 0.01093370357514753; Min. 0.0; Valid 5762.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:lok4OJID1uHrMTvPnj41Kw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.030371398819854394; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.1952770788187475; Valid 5762.0; Max. 4.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:w2Q70UWlqaSMPj9IU9ZqvQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.019611246095106647; Valid 5762.0; Max. 7.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.17517513204269414;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fQSEZEoxSQPfGp0aXcDpmg==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.18975922377263307; Max. 4.0; Valid 5762.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.028115237764664146

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:v7Rqjg5OEUdvNGD1QVJ6zw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 4.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 5762.0; Mean 0.01076015272474777; StDev 0.12312321008724506

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:DG3lQCz4Oh4LR9fw9GESwQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.406666666666667; StDev 0.9176550987181198; Valid 1050.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 6.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:3emovYjFiw9038FzlSa0pw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 5762.0; Max. 87.0; Mean 7.5; StDev 10.66663999663969

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Qh7nTzoFFG9bJGBGxFvTjg==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 9.184183935424638; Max. 85.0; Mean 3.3134328358208105; Min. 0.0; Valid 5762.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:7hrzKrLhI1AD5E+pGwjYaQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.6343283582089048; Min. 0.0; Max. 26.0; StDev 4.190866525861602; Valid 5762.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9x5ERY0azGwNkA4B7DkWsg==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 40.0; StDev 6.457561258912359; Mean 2.8731343283583235; Valid 5762.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:RVoRuAasOy9U0Tz6B+NM8w==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 35.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 4.9936176028784915; Mean 2.2462686567165266; Valid 5762.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:F6RhhOOfndPL3+ALEK8Bkg==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 5.007462686567199; Min. 0.0; Valid 5762.0; Max. 74.0; StDev 10.180975474121675

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sKCwVh227nkWzlkAbZF/zw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 14.0; StDev 0.565858840913698; Valid 5762.0; Mean 0.16313779937521675

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:o3cMHdGbH6W/oHJ+ypmwLw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5762.0; Max. 8.0; StDev 0.38507435162933557; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.07185005206525277

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:nCjHyk5V6rQtROYgTmJyBg==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5762.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 4.0; Mean 0.05258590767094866; StDev 0.2558350360997796

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GOtxgfruE9GAYG09/jJxnQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 12.0; Mean 0.06525511975008698; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.3616448937246099; Valid 5762.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:I4kaWssFwUXiu/4bZ2tuyA==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.5138604312443439; Mean 0.108469281499478; Max. 17.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 5762.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:+vcOia7BSuTpEqLU5vgSSA==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.3238215741968263; Mean 0.050850399166953775; Valid 5762.0; Max. 12.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fKmeRAoCrfV0sdTpPevclQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.8923809523809518; StDev 0.985519102044602; Min. 0.0; Max. 6.0; Valid 1050.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GpeiXrFHNKij10/HYZ9DDQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 1.6132551062272809; Mean 0.9476190476190473; Valid 1050.0; Max. 12.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:vG89hrIXkslZQRSmDJ2QFA==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1050.0; Mean 0.5095238095238072; StDev 0.8713230037360541; Min. 0.0; Max. 7.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:4RYPsv+nSnU4Lova6OMX4Q==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1050.0; Mean 0.4809523809523851; Max. 6.0; StDev 0.9871041930370823; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:RvxD8t9sZmcnxjT+EA/pYQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1.1199999999999968; Max. 9.0; StDev 1.268853997555094; Min. 0.0; Valid 1050.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:nWTC/UPQ4nFcDm4g4zruUg==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.1186138304764723; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.3823325234293794; Max. 15.0; Valid 5762.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:TqlZObCEKlnGLE2McXag3w==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 6.800027667834172; Min. -42.0; Max. 55.5; StDev 16.875675834285477; Valid 3569.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:OywfAAvCSmqoFlKW1Nj7kw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -42.0; Valid 2322.0; Mean -6.186200703917312; StDev 14.616367759275322; Max. 37.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Cgvw3MvJ+kUhbqyWS2T1rw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean -1.2259589433127016; Min. -40.0; StDev 15.95655768188647; Valid 4042.0; Max. 46.5;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:e+6SW/Ht9ItQEHcVhn3lww==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 29.0; Mean 51.23255813953488; Valid 5762.0; StDev 10.278067376565781; Max. 71.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:bEJ/tI2AY3pWo5lLFvQqUA==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 334.3023255813954; Min. 178.0; Max. 412.0; Valid 5762.0; StDev 63.943212944447595

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:jweXm2vXSiit0HxZReT1TA==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 61.0; StDev 11.486543945900701; Min. 17.0; Valid 5762.0; Mean 33.418604651162795

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:CToZ0PkVLmOL4E85AyHTRw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.0; Max. 1005.0; Min. 1005.0; Mean 1005.0; Valid 5762.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9sb+eehh+mLR2hbA0BJ5Aw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 444.0; Min. 444.0; Max. 444.0; Valid 5762.0; StDev 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:OdmWJK1SlYct/SFDSWpqGg==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 3.7823842974114683; Mean 6.697674418604651; Valid 5762.0; Max. 21.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:qidJ5g0rYGIxSSYJ3Ai4nA==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5762.0; Min. 353.0; Max. 353.0; Mean 353.0; StDev 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:a889YLeHFQ4QRLDZ/u+PnQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 385.0; StDev 0.0; Mean 385.0; Valid 5762.0; Min. 385.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:I/2yIE0h0qrY/wdjYdYpUw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 301.0; Mean 301.0; Max. 301.0; StDev 0.0; Valid 5762.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:4RXRFFrA+PV5T0clvzuyog==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5762.0; Min. 671.0; Mean 671.0; Max. 671.0; StDev 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GFTmUmer/XBeZeeetWnJRA==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 21.790697674418603; StDev 7.787241839174234; Valid 5762.0; Min. 7.0; Max. 35.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:h+PUrxStUYAcdB9A7co1YA==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 35.0; StDev 6.334589882537776; Min. 8.0; Valid 5762.0; Mean 23.139534883720934;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:JqYokgjp1aUfrEJTyBGM4g==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 20.0; Min. 5.0; Valid 5762.0; StDev 4.122348253319696; Mean 12.44186046511628;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tZIi029In0bhQmPsCEHzQw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5762.0; StDev 6.7626321747022775; Min. 1.0; Max. 23.0; Mean 11.744186046511626

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:cEKxLADXiKPJJZe4pZPhEQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5762.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 6.355902167310157; Max. 22.0; Mean 9.930232558139533

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:aGIRRjEL5+dZyrC9QBGEfQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 11.0; StDev 6.5735373560071855; Max. 37.0; Mean 27.348837209302324; Valid 5762.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WjOf/iwsV6KmQPSyM5NThA==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 30.0; StDev 5.641259008372233; Mean 8.744186046511627; Valid 5762.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:BBVB0YTEFAciS4gvZWEy6A==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 5.695272802326911; Valid 5762.0; Max. 28.0; Mean 6.813953488372093;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:M1IRsS2RhcP3vuGUy/w3PA==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 40.0; Valid 5762.0; Min. 5.0; StDev 7.620552158528302; Mean 14.534883720930235

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:MqxK/CxAWn5lBqhbtuG7nw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 5762.0; Mean 7.046511627906974; Max. 15.0; StDev 4.318823516964509

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:eo79jrRM1yffdOYJrH/zVw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 21.0; Min. 2.0; Mean 9.627906976744185; StDev 4.488219310300524; Valid 5762.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tNdrxBu3IFTBrpkoOoJEsQ==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 11.0; Valid 5762.0; StDev 7.905884224609983; Mean 21.86046511627907; Max. 48.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:JKwKibFGszca54xaf6r0Sw==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 14.0; Mean 2.6279069767441863; StDev 2.4782418049288473; Min. 0.0; Valid 5762.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:JI4jYdAn2kUhueaNLjr2tg==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 11.0; StDev 2.564696748743165; Min. 0.0; Valid 5762.0; Mean 4.069767441860465

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:59Ad+WLdmu/G5h1E5H1xPg==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 2.495208812585343; Mean 3.7674418604651163; Valid 5762.0; Min. 1.0; Max. 14.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:muc7gReUfe0rA6ai4hhzrg==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.632693197727521; Min. 0.0; Max. 6.0; Valid 5762.0; Mean 1.4418604651162794

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:eEUxL+IcwWAbfmylR9P3/Q==

f7019938 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1.465116279069767; Max. 7.0; StDev 1.545552514897142; Min. 0.0; Valid 5762.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:7L6ygXw8DdaYIvuBqI25RQ==

Label:

Appendix - Heterogeneity Analysis.R

type/x-r-syntax

Label:

Appendix - Robustness.R

type/x-r-syntax

Label:

~$ble11_appendix.docx

application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document

Label:

Figures-2-3-4.R

type/x-r-syntax

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Main Results.R

type/x-r-syntax

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noact_fragment.pdf

application/pdf

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numsponsors.csv

text/csv

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prednum.pdf

application/pdf

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Read Me - Replication.docx

application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document

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Replication Data Creation.R

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replication_extsup_data.csv

text/csv

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sponsor_totalgroups.pdf

application/pdf

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table10_appendix.doc

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table10_appendix_unclust.doc

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table11_appendix.doc

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table11_appendix_unclustered.doc

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table12_appendix.doc

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table12_appendix_unclustered.doc

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table13_appendix.doc

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table13_appendix_unclustered.doc

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table14_appendix.doc

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table14_appendix_unclustered.doc

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table15_appendix_mpsponsors.doc

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table15_appendix_mpsponsors_unclustered.doc

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table16_appendix_sovietus.doc

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table16_appendix_sovietus_unclustered.doc

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table2_mainresults.doc

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table2_mainresults_unclustered.doc

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table3_appendix_materialsupp.doc

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table3_appendix_materialsupp_unclustered.doc

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table4_appendix.doc

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table4_appendix_unclust.doc

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table5_appendix.doc

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table5_appendix_unclust.doc

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table6_appendix.doc

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table6_appendix_unclust.doc

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table7_appendix.doc

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table7_appendix_unclust.doc

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table8_appendix.docx

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table8_appendix_unclust.doc

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table9_appendix.doc

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table9_appendix_unclust.doc

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