The Institutional Sources of Economic Transformation: Insulation and Compensation in the Politics of Energy Transitions (doi:10.7910/DVN/INHODY)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
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Document Description

Citation

Title:

The Institutional Sources of Economic Transformation: Insulation and Compensation in the Politics of Energy Transitions

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/INHODY

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Date of Distribution:

2024-12-26

Version:

1

Bibliographic Citation:

Finnegan, Jared; Lipscy, Phillip; Meckling, Jonas; Metz, Florence, 2024, "The Institutional Sources of Economic Transformation: Insulation and Compensation in the Politics of Energy Transitions", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/INHODY, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:tTw9bxLouIC7LyNA36WDkg== [fileUNF]

Study Description

Citation

Title:

The Institutional Sources of Economic Transformation: Insulation and Compensation in the Politics of Energy Transitions

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/INHODY

Authoring Entity:

Finnegan, Jared (UCL (University College London))

Lipscy, Phillip (University of Toronto)

Meckling, Jonas (UC Berkeley)

Metz, Florence (University of Twente)

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Access Authority:

Finnegan, Jared

Depositor:

Finnegan, Jared

Date of Deposit:

2024-12-09

Holdings Information:

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/INHODY

Study Scope

Keywords:

Social Sciences, Institutions, Energy transitions, Compensation, Climate change

Abstract:

Why are some governments more effective in promoting economic change than others? We develop a theory of the institutional sources of economic transformation. Institutions can facilitate transformation through two central mechanisms: insulation and compensation. The institutional sources of transformation vary across policy types—whether policies impose costs primarily on consumers (demand-side policies) or on producers (supply-side policies). Proportional electoral rules and strong welfare states facilitate demand-side policies, whereas autonomous bureaucracies and corporatist interest intermediation facilitate supply-side policies. We test our theory by leveraging the 1973 oil crisis, an exogenous shock that compelled policymakers to simultaneously pursue transformational change across industrialized countries. Evidence from the generalized synthetic control method, case studies, and discourse network analysis support our hypotheses. The findings have important implications for contemporary transformations including climate change policy and low-carbon transitions.

Methodology and Processing

Sources Statement

Data Access

Other Study Description Materials

File Description--f10762947

File: Finnegan et al_The Institutional Sources of Economic Transformation_1960_1985.tab

  • Number of cases: 468

  • No. of variables per record: 36

  • Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:DruzClegFp3QzJ0uVPpHbA==

File Description--f10762949

File: Finnegan et al_The Institutional Sources of Economic Transformation_1965_1985.tab

  • Number of cases: 378

  • No. of variables per record: 35

  • Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:RP72yONc4YDM1IMuWdR/HA==

Variable Description

List of Variables:
  • countryid - Country
  • year - Year
  • d_side_dummy - Dummy for demand-side institutions (PR or welfare state)
  • pr - Dummy for electoral rules; 0 for majoritarian, 1 otherwise(Armingeon et al 2016)
  • welfstregime - Dummy for welfare state; 0 for liberal welfare state, 1 otherwise(Esping-Anderse
  • s_side_dummy - Dummy for supply-side institutions (autonomous bureaucracy or corporatism)
  • auto_bureau - Dummy for autonomous bureaucracy; 1 for autonomous bureaucracy, 0 otherwise
  • corp - Dummy for corporatism; 1 for corporatism, 0 for pluralism (based on Jahn (2016))
  • Electricityproductionfromoil - Electricity production from oil (% of total production) (IEA)
  • gas_tax_nomusd_marketxr - Nominal gasoline tax rate (USD per litre)
  • gas_tax_nomnatcurr - Nominal gasoline tax rate in national currencies (various sources)
  • gas_tax_nomnatcurr_ip - Nominal gasoline tax rate in national currencies with interpolated values
  • xr_market - USD market exchange rates (OECD)
  • shock73 - Dummy variable for 1973 oil shock; equals 1 from 1973 onwards
  • prod_oil_pc - Oil production (ktoe per 1000 people) (IEA and OECD)
  • realgdpgr - Real GDP growth (% change from previous year) (Armingeon et al 2016)
  • inflation - Growth of consumer price index (CPI, % change from previous year) (Armingeon et
  • unemp - Unemployment rate, % of civilian labour force (Armingeon et al 2016)
  • GDPPPPbillion2010USdollars_pc - GDP PPP per capita (1000 USD per capita) (OECD)
  • gov_left1 - Left-wing parties as % of total cabinet posts, weighted by days (Armingeon et al
  • openc - Openness of the economy: (imports+exports)/GDP (Armingeon et al 2016)
  • vehicle_pc - Vehicles per 1000 people (Dargay et al 2007)
  • urban_pop - Urban population (% of total) (World Bank)
  • singleparty - Dummy for single party majority government (based on Armingeon et al 2016)
  • polconiii - Political constraints index (Henisz 2002)
  • oilshock_73_hetero_tpes - Net oil imports/total promary energy supply (TPES) in 1972 (IEA)
  • elect_gen_pc - Electricity generation per capita (TWh per million people) (IEA and OECD)
  • ElectricitygenerationTWh - Electricity generation (TWh) (IEA)
  • oil_import_cost - Average cost of total crude imports nominal USD/bbl (IEA)
  • Cor_Jahn_fac - Corporatism measure from Jahn (2016)
  • prod_oil - Production of Crude + NGL + Feedstocks + Other Hydrocarbons (ktoe) (IEA)
  • GDPPPPbillion2010USdollars - GDP PPP (billion 2010 USD) (OECD)
  • pop - Population (millions) (OECD)
  • s_side_dummy_flip - Flipped dummy for supply-side institutions
  • d_side_dummy_flip - Flipped dummy for demand-side institutions
  • tpes_oil_percent - Oil in total primary energy supply (TPES) (% of total)
  • countryid - Country
  • year - Year
  • d_side_dummy - Dummy for demand-side institutions (PR or welfare state)
  • pr - Dummy for electoral rules; 0 for majoritarian, 1 otherwise(Armingeon et al 2016)
  • welfstregime - Dummy for welfare state; 0 for liberal welfare state, 1 otherwise(Esping-Anderse
  • s_side_dummy - Dummy for supply-side institutions (autonomous bureaucracy or corporatism)
  • auto_bureau - Dummy for autonomous bureaucracy; 1 for autonomous bureaucracy, 0 otherwise
  • corp - Dummy for corporatism; 1 for corporatism, 0 for pluralism (based on Jahn (2016))
  • Electricityproductionfromoil - Electricity production from oil (% of total production) (IEA)
  • gas_tax_nomusd_marketxr - Nominal gasoline tax rate (USD per litre)
  • gas_tax_nomnatcurr - Nominal gasoline tax rate in national currencies (various sources)
  • gas_tax_nomnatcurr_ip - Nominal gasoline tax rate in national currencies with interpolated values
  • xr_market - USD market exchange rates (OECD)
  • shock73 - Dummy variable for 1973 oil shock; equals 1 from 1973 onwards
  • prod_oil_pc - Oil production (ktoe per 1000 people) (IEA and OECD)
  • realgdpgr - Real GDP growth (% change from previous year) (Armingeon et al 2016)
  • inflation - Growth of consumer price index (CPI, % change from previous year) (Armingeon et
  • unemp - Unemployment rate, % of civilian labour force (Armingeon et al 2016)
  • GDPPPPbillion2010USdollars_pc - GDP PPP per capita (1000 USD per capita) (OECD)
  • gov_left1 - Left-wing parties as % of total cabinet posts, weighted by days (Armingeon et al
  • openc - Openness of the economy: (imports+exports)/GDP (Armingeon et al 2016)
  • vehicle_pc - Vehicles per 1000 people (Dargay et al 2007)
  • urban_pop - Urban population (% of total) (World Bank)
  • singleparty - Dummy for single party majority government (based on Armingeon et al 2016)
  • polconiii - Political constraints index (Henisz 2002)
  • oilshock_73_hetero_tpes - Net oil imports/total promary energy supply (TPES) in 1972 (IEA)
  • elect_gen_pc - Electricity generation per capita (TWh per million people) (IEA and OECD)
  • ElectricitygenerationTWh - Electricity generation (TWh) (IEA)
  • oil_import_cost - Average cost of total crude imports nominal USD/bbl (IEA)
  • Cor_Jahn_fac - Corporatism measure from Jahn (2016)
  • prod_oil - Production of Crude + NGL + Feedstocks + Other Hydrocarbons (ktoe) (IEA)
  • GDPPPPbillion2010USdollars - GDP PPP (billion 2010 USD) (OECD)
  • pop - Population (millions) (OECD)
  • s_side_dummy_flip - Flipped dummy for supply-side institutions
  • d_side_dummy_flip - Flipped dummy for demand-side institutions

Variables

Country

f10762947 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

12.

Japan

26

3.

Belgium

26

10.

Ireland

26

18.

Sweden

26

1.

Australia

26

17.

Spain

0

7.

France

26

11.

Italy

26

8.

Germany

26

19.

Switzerland

26

9.

Greece

0

14.

New Zealand

26

13.

Netherlands

26

21.

United States

26

15.

Norway

26

6.

Finland

26

20.

United Kingdom

26

4.

Canada

26

5.

Denmark

26

2.

Austria

26

16.

Portugal

0

Summary Statistics: Max. 21.0; StDev 6.244997998398398; Mean 10.5; Min. 1.0; Valid 468.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:+laez8QT50I6AR69qB0jlg==

Year

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1960.0; StDev 7.5080256844793; Max. 1985.0; Mean 1972.5; Valid 468.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fIUQPinb/wH/+MXaSOrxDw==

Dummy for demand-side institutions (PR or welfare state)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.44838250554902; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.7222222222222228; Valid 468.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LHE/k8AcI2tKS0wcYVk7gA==

Dummy for electoral rules; 0 for majoritarian, 1 otherwise(Armingeon et al 2016)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 468.0; Mean 0.6666666666666665; StDev 0.47190896665049736; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:q0YTE4y+49f/yBZVxAVXqQ==

Dummy for welfare state; 0 for liberal welfare state, 1 otherwise(Esping-Anderse

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.49743572762400423; Valid 468.0; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.5555555555555547;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:f7lv47AbGBfDm0YdBUVZcg==

Dummy for supply-side institutions (autonomous bureaucracy or corporatism)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.48801968889578795; Mean 0.6111111111111115; Valid 468.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:JDdXvIamHNInw7qSePDZ3w==

Dummy for autonomous bureaucracy; 1 for autonomous bureaucracy, 0 otherwise

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 468.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.11111111111111135; StDev 0.3146059777669988

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:icV8qH774U8/+qlxdpEL/g==

Dummy for corporatism; 1 for corporatism, 0 for pluralism (based on Jahn (2016))

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 468.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.5005350456319533; Mean 0.5

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:wOwaBdzzLzU7Fht+s1L/sA==

Electricity production from oil (% of total production) (IEA)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 18.584486652070115; Max. 81.27684783935547; Valid 468.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 19.16429444233497;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PQMkhv8//IRH1gdvJZrUIw==

Nominal gasoline tax rate (USD per litre)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.0868701740449147; Max. 0.4069470465183258; Mean 0.1388465343651505; Valid 444.0; Min. 0.01056700013577938;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PJUmtrU3ebjNl0dH5UQ7cQ==

Nominal gasoline tax rate in national currencies (various sources)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 54.0; Mean 2.46632314353448; StDev 9.274878559809945; Min. 0.01056700013577938; Valid 396.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:vVo26vy3neHlVSaDxTg5qQ==

Nominal gasoline tax rate in national currencies with interpolated values

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.2343679784978283; Max. 54.0; StDev 8.804647305101026; Min. 0.01056700013577938; Valid 442.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9UQpMFS/QUhckWJMj8VGww==

USD market exchange rates (OECD)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 70.34393124254798; Valid 468.0; Mean 18.77572008031302; Min. 0.3010919988155365; Max. 360.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PGVc6WGOu+qwAHTMOgQcvw==

Dummy variable for 1973 oil shock; equals 1 from 1973 onwards

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.5005350456319533; Min. 0.0; Valid 468.0; Mean 0.5; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:H3GGsfy32IYlSnZXWgtVbA==

Oil production (ktoe per 1000 people) (IEA and OECD)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 467.0; Mean 0.552552128502606; StDev 1.2184212827016752; Max. 9.381904602050781; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:UAaxQHWEkkInHzaNQUH/wQ==

Real GDP growth (% change from previous year) (Armingeon et al 2016)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -7.283174514770508; StDev 2.654868517855275; Max. 11.953083038330078; Mean 3.7300537173767876; Valid 450.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:FZNjtdCz7Ft8yvVzrqE/ZQ==

Growth of consumer price index (CPI, % change from previous year) (Armingeon et

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 4.3119061928406275; Valid 465.0; Mean 6.689308268003763; Max. 24.207294464111328; Min. -0.3194888234138489

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9fr6XlmRSU72oj/Ox02ZGQ==

Unemployment rate, % of civilian labour force (Armingeon et al 2016)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.5883542421277856; Valid 468.0; Max. 16.799999237060547; Min. 0.0; StDev 2.997658047264248;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Yvcb0iuhNJ/FlXTWbMaA2Q==

GDP PPP per capita (1000 USD per capita) (OECD)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 40.69230651855469; StDev 6.2529326083808705; Min. 5.814102649688721; Valid 468.0; Mean 20.56305088650466

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:l1Hly3IyvlvC1nmoB4ia5A==

Left-wing parties as % of total cabinet posts, weighted by days (Armingeon et al

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 37.14609913919379; Max. 100.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 29.992094017094022; Valid 468.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dNiYpZiLXDpoLuUz4rsDFg==

Openness of the economy: (imports+exports)/GDP (Armingeon et al 2016)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 24.123863445757003; Valid 468.0; Min. 8.929523; Mean 52.061736074786324; Max. 127.2862

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:vWpbM0gX3WBcCSy69rybVQ==

Vehicles per 1000 people (Dargay et al 2007)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 468.0; Min. 19.0; Max. 743.0; StDev 136.28987864095933; Mean 296.3675213675213

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:SW0C0TfhdMVWtKGVOQmL1Q==

Urban population (% of total) (World Bank)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 10.615569761670995; Max. 95.93000030517578; Valid 468.0; Min. 45.821998596191406; Mean 71.79808117793158

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:bZP4t2BDQRwDHNPgBccsQg==

Dummy for single party majority government (based on Armingeon et al 2016)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.32478632478632535; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 468.0; StDev 0.46879607669609474

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dq3h16J9OQ8bYsw0hM5gcw==

Political constraints index (Henisz 2002)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.4480182814738181; Max. 0.6995771527290344; StDev 0.0842285437034863; Valid 468.0; Min. 0.1739935427904129

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:iNIfZBAUNE9LseatwjWn1g==

Net oil imports/total promary energy supply (TPES) in 1972 (IEA)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -0.039000000804662704; Mean 0.29127777378178327; Valid 468.0; StDev 0.3460131140508369; Max. 1.0069999694824219

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dVoRKju9tGdt8XW5hLthWg==

Electricity generation per capita (TWh per million people) (IEA and OECD)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 4.227012906910419; Max. 25.90975570678711; Mean 5.68406419736198; Valid 468.0; Min. 0.8071428537368774

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Nt6hi3wLq3Tlu+2d5G8BYA==

Electricity generation (TWh) (IEA)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 426.1568387573072; Mean 207.4028632478631; Valid 468.0; Min. 2.26; Max. 2621.93

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:D1R9jMmTXe55uF4AsbeIbA==

Average cost of total crude imports nominal USD/bbl (IEA)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 3.082202533680741; Mean 31.59458327293396; Max. 37.970001220703125; Valid 96.0; Min. 26.780000686645508

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:FO43X8LcskkYnobbJ1+QKA==

Corporatism measure from Jahn (2016)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.0050941273136453; Max. 2.001291036605835; Mean 0.11387704715180581; Valid 468.0; Min. -1.533305048942566;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:q7Tm1dQOQgukySlMCCN5cw==

Production of Crude + NGL + Feedstocks + Other Hydrocarbons (ktoe) (IEA)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 34812.59743040696; StDev 112297.27206393162; Valid 467.0; Max. 553691.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:t9zd6Iq+HudeTVqFLrXJxQ==

GDP PPP (billion 2010 USD) (OECD)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 757.0258547008553; StDev 1263.4511410999655; Valid 468.0; Min. 21.5; Max. 7686.6;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fdbSfQu1ZHrxb4H/LPP88A==

Population (millions) (OECD)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 51.817191413429114; Min. 2.4; Max. 238.5; Mean 36.498717948717925; Valid 468.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:8hynz3BxO5BQrQuAN9SCHw==

Flipped dummy for supply-side institutions

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 468.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.48801968889578795; Mean 0.3888888888888886; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:+SVhpvvWOZwaKMxy44NaLw==

Flipped dummy for demand-side institutions

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 468.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.44838250554902; Mean 0.2777777777777772;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2IdVWX03R+zxWa8VQNPyaQ==

Oil in total primary energy supply (TPES) (% of total)

f10762947 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.47944583536535834; Valid 461.0; Max. 1.294867992401123; Min. 0.019977299496531487; StDev 0.22005497808107735

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:7Xmk4759l1t5lFH2yeM5uQ==

Country

f10762949 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

14.

New Zealand

21

15.

Norway

21

9.

Greece

0

8.

Germany

21

7.

France

21

21.

United States

21

5.

Denmark

21

11.

Italy

21

17.

Spain

0

10.

Ireland

21

2.

Austria

21

12.

Japan

21

16.

Portugal

0

13.

Netherlands

21

18.

Sweden

21

3.

Belgium

21

19.

Switzerland

21

20.

United Kingdom

21

1.

Australia

21

4.

Canada

21

6.

Finland

21

Summary Statistics: Valid 378.0; Min. 1.0; Max. 21.0; StDev 6.2465905820058545; Mean 10.5

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dm2fGV65vhnLoniqq6ab0g==

Year

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 378.0; Min. 1965.0; Max. 1985.0; StDev 6.063326292509993; Mean 1975.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:N/SMPhj0JbdEbJlJwXd4Zg==

Dummy for demand-side institutions (PR or welfare state)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 378.0; StDev 0.4484968509224519; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.7222222222222228;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:loMcCsuHzpSCfrw1WRuU5g==

Dummy for electoral rules; 0 for majoritarian, 1 otherwise(Armingeon et al 2016)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 378.0; Mean 0.6666666666666666; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.472029311682584; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dLyW6CgSJ9UyixwE2ObpNA==

Dummy for welfare state; 0 for liberal welfare state, 1 otherwise(Esping-Anderse

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.5555555555555547; StDev 0.49756258242616386; Min. 0.0; Valid 378.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:x5cbHzdi7bdX2sqNohopKw==

Dummy for supply-side institutions (autonomous bureaucracy or corporatism)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.4881441424435468; Valid 378.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.6111111111111114; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:QbHwdCA3w+tpkG6DWWtSEg==

Dummy for autonomous bureaucracy; 1 for autonomous bureaucracy, 0 otherwise

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.11111111111111133; Min. 0.0; Valid 378.0; StDev 0.3146862077883901; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9D8aW6hmCPLTEUFfKgdzdQ==

Dummy for corporatism; 1 for corporatism, 0 for pluralism (based on Jahn (2016))

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.5; Min. 0.0; Valid 378.0; StDev 0.5006626908143593; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:e0FU5k9om2yqg8mKdraEvw==

Electricity production from oil (% of total production) (IEA)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 20.292737716914704; Mean 20.25103965732786; Max. 81.27684783935547; Min. 0.0; Valid 378.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:eKJKCjEzFWAs/mCznwZSTg==

Nominal gasoline tax rate (USD per litre)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.08791081864756224; Valid 378.0; Max. 0.4069470465183258; Min. 0.01056700013577938; Mean 0.15070342593308947

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:T/A+EQNi1ShR5H3BMr3kRQ==

Nominal gasoline tax rate in national currencies (various sources)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.825587596104719; Min. 0.01056700013577938; StDev 9.971209569234459; Max. 54.0; Valid 332.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LckMnfGqJSZKGWa7RQR15g==

Nominal gasoline tax rate in national currencies with interpolated values

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 9.381886138896466; Max. 54.0; Min. 0.01056700013577938; Valid 378.0; Mean 2.5106395861459085

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:6pg/o3Iz3/D0G2yKrLga0g==

USD market exchange rates (OECD)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 360.0; Valid 378.0; Mean 18.000995731621813; Min. 0.3010919988155365; StDev 67.24064179524521;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KYpLARKlPoZuTdUwWuBTDQ==

Dummy variable for 1973 oil shock; equals 1 from 1973 onwards

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.6190476190476191; StDev 0.486264539083864; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 378.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:OlMadZDXrp4OGxscxMRfGg==

Oil production (ktoe per 1000 people) (IEA and OECD)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.6194191905389999; Valid 378.0; StDev 1.310317911804311; Min. 0.0; Max. 9.381904602050781

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:mFsJYqJaD2v83ugoQ0D8WA==

Real GDP growth (% change from previous year) (Armingeon et al 2016)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 2.652106558983534; Max. 11.953083038330078; Min. -7.283174514770508; Mean 3.448459787086913; Valid 378.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:pYzNan+pFoH1vS5KWiW8fw==

Growth of consumer price index (CPI, % change from previous year) (Armingeon et

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 378.0; Min. 1.0287888050079346; Max. 24.207294464111328; StDev 4.301858352646608; Mean 7.503020204806217;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dxdh2t8XUoJ52H5uYXNh/g==

Unemployment rate, % of civilian labour force (Armingeon et al 2016)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 378.0; Mean 3.941569350106967; Max. 16.799999237060547; Min. 0.0; StDev 3.1058616302617192;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:uDSEelp3YwMqlWQgyj/sbw==

GDP PPP per capita (1000 USD per capita) (OECD)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 40.69230651855469; StDev 5.784934421127166; Min. 8.64263916015625; Mean 21.97805562851921; Valid 378.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PYOtNj+0/rjErcJbk/ZYyQ==

Left-wing parties as % of total cabinet posts, weighted by days (Armingeon et al

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 37.71105217210821; Min. 0.0; Max. 100.0; Mean 31.82433862433863; Valid 378.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2O9/vTDnRi412p4JRSCeQA==

Openness of the economy: (imports+exports)/GDP (Armingeon et al 2016)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 9.22415; Mean 53.77895173544974; Max. 127.2862; Valid 378.0; StDev 24.39671549241778;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:1CUDO9zquzwgsdBA5BJD/w==

Vehicles per 1000 people (Dargay et al 2007)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 743.0; Mean 327.6693121693121; StDev 123.94124200423421; Valid 378.0; Min. 71.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zmxyB9gxMR2CDM1CEFs9UA==

Urban population (% of total) (World Bank)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 95.93000030517578; StDev 10.165760940179537; Min. 48.70899963378906; Valid 378.0; Mean 72.80716926332505

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:orBGlounf4QDZSOLi2L1sQ==

Dummy for single party majority government (based on Armingeon et al 2016)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.3253968253968251; Max. 1.0; Valid 378.0; StDev 0.46914389685688673; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ZdVJ3dftwdq698Y4i7M9Ow==

Political constraints index (Henisz 2002)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 378.0; Mean 0.454277406845774; Max. 0.6995771527290344; StDev 0.08164617516454799; Min. 0.3106110990047455

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tjSLL9UuGNNEbyj7kAwaVQ==

Net oil imports/total promary energy supply (TPES) in 1972 (IEA)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0069999694824219; Min. -0.039000000804662704; StDev 0.35104128766400694; Valid 378.0; Mean 0.3606296246822076;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:xTXvCG+2ZAeodPYwD8RL6w==

Electricity generation per capita (TWh per million people) (IEA and OECD)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 378.0; Mean 6.285968742673363; Max. 25.90975570678711; Min. 1.2724138498306274; StDev 4.356405485096034

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GO0L5APgRLKvT8GMeDDxzA==

Electricity generation (TWh) (IEA)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 460.15449682287715; Max. 2621.93; Mean 232.45243386243385; Valid 378.0; Min. 3.69

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:/Yh7k0PEPvc8IqFmRWxung==

Average cost of total crude imports nominal USD/bbl (IEA)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 31.59458327293396; Max. 37.970001220703125; Min. 26.780000686645508; StDev 3.082202533680741; Valid 96.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2/mfCjvpcxJLgRYctRCkHw==

Corporatism measure from Jahn (2016)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -1.533305048942566; Valid 378.0; StDev 1.0121116431728712; Mean 0.14870146417093574; Max. 2.001291036605835;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KkuVkHfYq+8rEJXeDJ0l7g==

Production of Crude + NGL + Feedstocks + Other Hydrocarbons (ktoe) (IEA)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 36889.373015872916; Min. 0.0; Valid 378.0; StDev 116040.94829558203; Max. 553691.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LQIaVOKTG86+CmaXt1aaew==

GDP PPP (billion 2010 USD) (OECD)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 824.0796296296296; Min. 25.8; Valid 378.0; StDev 1342.0072081472683; Max. 7686.6

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:paX3oWVz5Aqhgy/qP/Bu7w==

Population (millions) (OECD)

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 378.0; Max. 238.5; Min. 2.6; StDev 53.07192147285041; Mean 37.29391534391534;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KcNdJ/KsO1oKWtOkE9EFJw==

Flipped dummy for supply-side institutions

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 378.0; Mean 0.3888888888888886; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.4881441424435468

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:K8V9KFQfavhSAuSwys8XNg==

Flipped dummy for demand-side institutions

f10762949 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 378.0; StDev 0.4484968509224519; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.27777777777777724;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:r3VtisetZTCDHA3ctYHvcg==

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