Perceptions of Electoral Integrity - US 2018 (PEI_US_2018) (doi:10.7910/DVN/METZ3U)

View:

Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
Entire Codebook

Perceptions of Electoral Integrity - US 2018 (PEI_US_2018)

doi:10.7910/DVN/METZ3U

Harvard Dataverse

2019-04-28

1

Norris, Pippa; Grömping, Max; Garnett, Holly Ann, 2019, "Perceptions of Electoral Integrity - US 2018 (PEI_US_2018)", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/METZ3U, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:7JBHz/gcYX7XGScu+wgbSw== [fileUNF]

Perceptions of Electoral Integrity - US 2018 (PEI_US_2018)

doi:10.7910/DVN/METZ3U

Norris, Pippa (Harvard)

Grömping, Max (Heidelberg University)

Garnett, Holly Ann (Royal Military College of Canada)

Harvard Dataverse

Norris, Pippa

Norris, Pippa

2019-04-28

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/METZ3U

Social Sciences, electoral integrity, US elections, electoral malpractice, voting behavior, comparative politics, procedural fairness, free and fair, US congressional election, US midterm elections

This data-set by the Electoral Integrity Project evaluates the integrity of the US congressional election held on 6 November 2018. Based on a survey collecting the views of US-based political scientists, this research provides independent and reliable evidence to assess whether the 2018 congresional election met international standards of electoral integrity. The survey asks respondents to evaluate how the election was conducted in each of the 50 US states plus the District of Columbia. The study collects 49 indicators to measure electoral integrity. These indicators are clustered to evaluate eleven stages in the electoral cycle as well as generating an overall summary Perception of Electoral Integrity (PEI) 100-point index and comparative ranking of US states. The datasets are available for analysis at two levels: STATE-level (51 cases); and EXPERT-level (574 cases). Each dataset can be downloaded in STATA, SPSS, CSV and R formats. PEI_US_2018 compiles the responses of 574 experts, representing an overall response rate of 14%. The study is conducted by Pippa Norris, Max Grömping, and Holly Ann Garnett for the Electoral Integrity Project based at the Universities of Sydney and Harvard.

<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0">CC0 1.0</a>

• Number of cases: 574

• No. of variables per record: 200

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:TifzuyMJbmxvVVJdwR8kvg==

• Number of cases: 574

• No. of variables per record: 200

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:TifzuyMJbmxvVVJdwR8kvg==

• Number of cases: 51

• No. of variables per record: 212

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:sdQQyNExhVYh0zB4xDTY/Q==

• Number of cases: 51

• No. of variables per record: 212

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:sdQQyNExhVYh0zB4xDTY/Q==

• expert - Expert Reference number
• state - State
• stateabbr - State2
• statecode - State 3-digit
• election - Election code
• year - Year of election
• wave - Survey wave
• OVERALLINTEGRITY - OVERALL INTEGRITY RATING
• PEIIndexp - PEI index of electoral integrity, individual
• PEIIndexi - PEI index of electoral integrity, imputed
• ratingstate - Electoral integrity rating in state (1=very poor -> 10=very good)
• ratingcountry - Electoral integrity rating in country (1=very poor -> 10=very good)
• LAWS - ELECTORAL LAWS SECTION
• lawsunfair - 1-1a. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (1-5)[N]
• lawsunfair2 - 1-1b. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (Reversed coding)
• favoredincumbent - 1-2a. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (1-5)[N]
• favoredincumbent2 - 1-2b. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (Reversed coding)
• citizens - 1-3a. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (1-5)[N]
• citizens2 - 1-3b. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (Reversed coding)
• laws0 - 1-4. Electoral laws index (0-100)
• lawsi - 1-4i. Electoral laws index (0-100), imputed
• PROCEDURES - ELECTORAL PROCEDURES SECTION
• managed - 2-1. Elections were well managed (1-5)[P]
• votinginfo - 2-2. Information about voting procedures was widely available (1-5)[P]
• fairofficials - 2-3. Election officials were fair (1-5)[P]
• legalelections - 2-4. Elections were conducted in accordance with the law (1-5)[P]
• procedures0 - 2-5. Electoral procedures index (0-100)
• proceduresi - 2-5i. Electoral procedures index (0-100), imputed
• BOUNDARIES - BOUNDARIES FOR VOTING DISTRICTS SECTION
• bdiscrim - 3-1a. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (1-5)[N]
• bdiscrim2 - 3-1b. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (Reversed coding)
• bfavored - 3-2a. Boundaries favored incumbents (1-5)[N]
• bfavored2 - 3-2b. Boundaries favored incumbents (Reversed coding)
• bimpartial - 3-3. Boundaries were impartial (1-5)[P]
• boundaries0 - 3-4. Voting district boundaries index (0-100)
• boundariesi - 3-4i. Voting district boundaries index (0-100), imputed
• VOTERREGISTRATION - VOTER REGISTRATION SECTION
• reglisted - 4-1a. Some citizens were not listed in the register (1-5)[N]
• reglisted2 - 4-1b. Some citizens were not listed in the register (Reversed coding)
• reginaccurate - 4-2a. The electoral register was inaccurate (1-5)[N]
• reginaccurate2 - 4-2b. The electoral register was inaccurate (Reversed coding)
• ineligible - 4-3a. Some ineligible electors were registered (1-5)[N]
• ineligible2 - 4-3b. Some ineligible electors were registered (Reversed coding)
• votereg - 4-4. Voter registration index (0-100)
• voteregi - 4-4i. Voter registration index (0-100), imputed
• PARTYREGISTRATION - PARTY AND CANDIDATE REGISTRATION SECTION
• oppprevent - 5-1a. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (1-5)[N]
• oppprevent2 - 5-1b. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (Reversed coding)
• womenopp - 5-2. Women had equal opportunities to run for office (1-5)[P]
• minorityopp - 5-3. Ethnic and national minorities had equal opportunities to run for office (1
• leaderselect - 5-4a. Only top party leaders selected candidates (1-5)[N]
• leaderselect2 - 5-4b. Only top party leaders selected candidates (Reversed coding)
• rallies - 5-5a. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (1-5
• rallies2 - 5-5b. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (Rev
• partyreg - 5-6. Party and candidate registration index (0-100)
• partyregi - 5-6i. Party and candidate registration index (0-100), imputed
• MEDIACOVERAGE - MEDIA COVERAGE SECTION
• newspapers - 6-1. Newspapers provided balanced election news (1-5)[P]
• tv - 6-2a. TV news favored the governing party (1-5)[N]
• tv2 - 6-2b. TV news favored the governing party (Reversed coding)
• fairaccess - 6-3. Parties/candidates had fair access to political broadcasts and advertising
• faircoverage - 6-4. Journalists provided fair coverage of the elections (1-5)[P]
• socialmedia - 6-5. Social media were used to expose electoral fraud (1-5)[P]
• media - 6-6. Media coverage index (0-100)
• mediai - 6-6i. Media coverage index (0-100), imputed
• CAMPAIGNFINANCE - CAMPAIGN FINANCE SECTION
• subsidies - 7-1. Parties/candidates had equitable access to public political subsidies(1-5)[
• donations - 7-2. Parties/candidates had equitable access to political donations(1-5)[P]
• accounts - 7-3. Parties/candidates publish transparent financial accounts(1-5)[P]
• rich - 7-4a. Rich people buy elections (1-5)[N]
• rich2 - 7-4b. Rich people buy elections (Reversed coding)
• resources - 7-5a. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (1-5)[N]
• resources2 - 7-5b. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (Reversed coding
• finance - 7-6. Campaign finance index (0-100)
• financei - 7-6i. Campaign finance index (0-100), imputed
• VOTINGPROCESS - VOTING PROCESS SECTION
• violence - 8-1a. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls(1-5)[N]
• violence2 - 8-1b. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls (Reversed coding)
• fraudulent - 8-2a. Some fraudulent votes were cast (1-5)[N]
• fraudulent2 - 8-2b. Some fraudulent votes were cast (Reversed coding)
• easy - 8-3. The process of voting was easy (1-5)[P]
• choice - 8-4. Voters were offered a genuine choice at the ballot box (1-5)[P]
• postal - 8-5. Postal ballots were available (1-5)[P]
• disabled - 8-6. Special voting facilities were available for the disabled (1-5)[P]
• expats - 8-7. National citizens living abroad could vote (1-5)[P]
• internet - 8-8. Some form of internet voting was available (1-5)[P]
• voting - 8-9. Voting process index (0-100)
• votingi - 8-9i. Voting process index (0-100), imputed
• VOTECOUNT - THE VOTE COUNT SECTION
• secure - 9-1. Ballot boxes were secure (1-5)[P]
• delay - 9-2. The results were announced without undue delay (1-5)[P]
• faircount - 9-3. Votes were counted fairly (1-5)[P]
• intlmonitors - 9-4a. Int'l election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• intlmonitors2 - 9-4b. Int'l election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• domesticmonitors - 9-5a. Domestic election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• domesticmonitors2 - 9-5b. Domestic election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• count - 9-6. Vote count index (0-100)
• counti - 9-6i. Vote count index (0-100), imputed
• VOTINGRESULTS - VOTING RESULTS SECTION
• challenged - 10-1a. Parties/candidates challenged the results (1-5)[N]
• challenged2 - 10-1b. Parties/candidates challenged the results (Reversed coding)
• protestspeace - 10-2a. The election led to peaceful protests (1-5)[N]
• protestspeace2 - 10-2b. The election led to peaceful protests (Reversed coding)
• protestsviolent - 10-3a. The election triggered violent protests (1-5)[N]
• protestsviolent2 - 10-3b. The election triggered violent protests (Reversed coding)
• disputes - 10-4. Any disputes were resolved through legal channels (1-5)[P]
• results - 10-5. Results index (0-100)
• resultsi - 10-5i. Results index (0-100), imputed
• ELECTIONAUTHORITIES - ELECTORAL AUTHORITIES SECTION
• impartial - 11-1. The election authorities were impartial (1-5)[P]
• info - 11-2. The authorities distributed information to citizens (1-5)[P]
• scrutiny - 11-3. The authorities allowed public scrutiny of their performance (1-5)[P]
• performance - 11-4. The election authorities performed well (1-5)[P]
• EMBs - 11-5. Electoral authorities index (0-100)
• EMBsi - 11-5i. Electoral authorities index (0-100), imputed
• GENERALQUESTIONS - GENERAL ELECTION QUESTIONS
• familiarity - 13-1. How familiar are you with elections in this country?
• important - 13-2. Which election (if more than 1) was most important
• ORGCONFIDENCE - ORGANIZATIONAL CONFIDENCE SECTION
• courts - 14-1. Confidence in the courts (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• government - 14-2. Confidence in the government (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• parliament - 14-3. Confidence in the parliament (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• police - 14-5. Confidence in the police (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• electoralauth - 14-6. Confidence in the elect.authorities (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• BACKGROUND - EXPERT BACKGROUND SECTION
• employment - 15-1. Employment type
• public - 15-2. Works (or has worked) in the government public sector
• university - 15-3. Works (or has worked) in a university
• nonprofit - 15-4. Works (or has worked) in private non-profit sector/NGOs
• agency - 15-5. Works (or has worked) in International agency
• private - 15-6. Works (or has worked) in a private business or industry
• occupation - 15-7. Most recent occupation
• agegroup - 15-8. Age group (by decade)
• sex - 15-9. Sex (1=female; 0=male)
• education - 15-10. Highest level of education
• born - 15-11. Were you born in this state?
• lived - 15-12. # years lived in this state
• rep - 15-13. Expert was an elected representative
• candidate - 15-14. Expert was a candidate for elected office
• activist - 15-15. Expert was an election activist
• official - 15-16. Expert was an election official
• monitor - 15-17a. Expert was a national official electoral monitor
• monitorint - 15-17. Expert was a international official electoral monitor
• ngo - 15-18. Expert was election NGO watch personnel
• voted - 15-19. Expert voted in this election
• norole - 15-20. Expert did not participate in any role in this election
• citizen - 15-21. Expert is a US citizen (0/1)
• supported - 15-22. Support the winning or losing side
• leftrightscale - 15-23. Political views on 10pt left/right scale
• partyid - 15-24. Party identification
• difficulty - How difficult did you find the survey?
• VIGNETTES - VIGNETTES SECTION
• vignetteA - 16-1. Vignette A (Queues)
• vignetteB - 16-2. Vignette B (Boycotts)
• vignetteC - 16-3. Vignette C (Violence)
• EXTRA - EXTRA SECTION
• rigged - 17-1a. The election was rigged (1-5)[N]
• rigged2 - 17-1b. The election was rigged (Reversed coding)
• machinesaccurate - 17-2a. Voting machines were accurate (1-5)[P]
• recordssecure - 17-3a. Official voting records were secure (1-5)[P]
• waited - 17-4a. Many people waited in line to vote for more than 30 minutes (1-5)[N]
• waited2 - 17-4b. Many people waited in line to vote for more than 30 minutes (Reversed cod
• multiple - 17-5a. Some people voted more than once (1-5)[N]
• multiple2 - 17-5b. Some people voted more than once (Reversed coding)
• regrestrictive - 17-6a. Registration deadlines were too restricted (1-5)[N]
• regrestrictive2 - 17-6b. Registration deadlines were too restricted (Reversed coding)
• obsintimidate - 17-7a. Observers intimidated some voters (1-5)[N]
• obsintimidate2 - 17-7b. Observers intimidated some voters (Reversed coding)
• popularwill - 17-8a. The outcome of the election reflected the popular will (1-5)[P]
• timely - 17-9a. The ballot was counted in a timely fashion (1-5)[P]
• disinformation - 17-10a. Social media spread disinformation (1-5)[N]
• disinformation2 - 17-10b. Social media spread disinformation (Reversed coding)
• hack - 17-11a. Official election records were vulnerable to hacking (1-5)[N]
• hack2 - 17-11b. Official election records were vulnerable to hacking (Reversed coding)
• meddle - 17-12a. Foreigners meddled in the contest (1-5)[N]
• meddle2 - 17-12b. Foreigners meddled in the contest (Reversed coding)
• countdispute - 17-13a. The vote count was disputed by the parties and candidates (1-5)[N]
• countdispute2 - 17-13b. The vote count was disputed by the parties and candidates (Reversed codi
• illegalvote - 17-14a The election saw widespread attempts at illegal voting (1-5)[N]
• illegalvote2 - 17-14b The election saw widespread attempts at illegal voting (Reversed coding)
• legalcount - 17-15a All legal ballots were counted (1-5)[P]
• votersuppress - 17-16a The election saw widespread attempts at voter suppression (1-5)[N]
• votersuppress2 - 17-16b The election saw widespread attempts at voter suppression (Reversed codin
• design - 17-17a The ballot papers were clear and well-designed (1-5)[P]
• candidatethreat - 17-18a Some candidates were threatened by violence (1-5)[N]
• candidatethreat2 - 17-18b Some candidates were threatened by violence (Reversed coding)
• sufficient - 17-19a Polling places had a sufficient number of paper ballots (1-5)[P]
• audit - 17-20a Voting results were subject to a post-election audit (1-5)[P]
• SUBFIELD - SUBFIELD SECTION
• elections - 18-1. Expert's field: Elections and electoral behaviour
• ampol - 18-2. Expert's field: American Politics
• statepol - 18-3. Expert's field: State/Local Politics
• comparative - 18-4. Expert's field: Comparative Politics
• inter - 18-5. Expert's field: International Relations
• polcomm - 18-6. Expert's field: Political Communication/Media Studies/Journalism
• theory - 18-7. Expert's field: Political Theory
• publicadmin - 18-8. Expert's field: Public Administration
• publicpol - 18-9. Expert's field: Public Policy
• methods - 18-10. Expert's field: Methods and Research design
• socio - 18-11. Expert's field: Sociology and Anthropology
• expert - Expert Reference number
• state - State
• stateabbr - State2
• statecode - State 3-digit
• election - Election code
• year - Year of election
• wave - Survey wave
• OVERALLINTEGRITY - OVERALL INTEGRITY RATING
• PEIIndexp - PEI index of electoral integrity, individual
• PEIIndexi - PEI index of electoral integrity, imputed
• ratingstate - Electoral integrity rating in state (1=very poor -> 10=very good)
• ratingcountry - Electoral integrity rating in country (1=very poor -> 10=very good)
• LAWS - ELECTORAL LAWS SECTION
• lawsunfair - 1-1a. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (1-5)[N]
• lawsunfair2 - 1-1b. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (Reversed coding)
• favoredincumbent - 1-2a. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (1-5)[N]
• favoredincumbent2 - 1-2b. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (Reversed coding)
• citizens - 1-3a. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (1-5)[N]
• citizens2 - 1-3b. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (Reversed coding)
• laws - 1-4. Electoral laws index (0-100)
• lawsi - 1-4i. Electoral laws index (0-100), imputed
• PROCEDURES - ELECTORAL PROCEDURES SECTION
• managed - 2-1. Elections were well managed (1-5)[P]
• votinginfo - 2-2. Information about voting procedures was widely available (1-5)[P]
• fairofficials - 2-3. Election officials were fair (1-5)[P]
• legalelections - 2-4. Elections were conducted in accordance with the law (1-5)[P]
• procedures - 2-5. Electoral procedures index (0-100)
• proceduresi - 2-5i. Electoral procedures index (0-100), imputed
• BOUNDARIES - BOUNDARIES FOR VOTING DISTRICTS SECTION
• bdiscrim - 3-1a. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (1-5)[N]
• bdiscrim2 - 3-1b. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (Reversed coding)
• bfavored - 3-2a. Boundaries favored incumbents (1-5)[N]
• bfavored2 - 3-2b. Boundaries favored incumbents (Reversed coding)
• bimpartial - 3-3. Boundaries were impartial (1-5)[P]
• boundaries - 3-4. Voting district boundaries index (0-100)
• boundariesi - 3-4i. Voting district boundaries index (0-100), imputed
• VOTERREGISTRATION - VOTER REGISTRATION SECTION
• reglisted - 4-1a. Some citizens were not listed in the register (1-5)[N]
• reglisted2 - 4-1b. Some citizens were not listed in the register (Reversed coding)
• reginaccurate - 4-2a. The electoral register was inaccurate (1-5)[N]
• reginaccurate2 - 4-2b. The electoral register was inaccurate (Reversed coding)
• ineligible - 4-3a. Some ineligible electors were registered (1-5)[N]
• ineligible2 - 4-3b. Some ineligible electors were registered (Reversed coding)
• votereg - 4-4. Voter registration index (0-100)
• voteregi - 4-4i. Voter registration index (0-100), imputed
• PARTYREGISTRATION - PARTY AND CANDIDATE REGISTRATION SECTION
• oppprevent - 5-1a. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (1-5)[N]
• oppprevent2 - 5-1b. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (Reversed coding)
• womenopp - 5-2. Women had equal opportunities to run for office (1-5)[P]
• minorityopp - 5-3. Ethnic and national minorities had equal opportunities to run for office (1
• leaderselect - 5-4a. Only top party leaders selected candidates (1-5)[N]
• leaderselect2 - 5-4b. Only top party leaders selected candidates (Reversed coding)
• rallies - 5-5a. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (1-5
• rallies2 - 5-5b. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (Rev
• partyreg - 5-6. Party and candidate registration index (0-100)
• partyregi - 5-6i. Party and candidate registration index (0-100), imputed
• MEDIACOVERAGE - MEDIA COVERAGE SECTION
• newspapers - 6-1. Newspapers provided balanced election news (1-5)[P]
• tv - 6-2a. TV news favored the governing party (1-5)[N]
• tv2 - 6-2b. TV news favored the governing party (Reversed coding)
• fairaccess - 6-3. Parties/candidates had fair access to political broadcasts and advertising
• faircoverage - 6-4. Journalists provided fair coverage of the elections (1-5)[P]
• socialmedia - 6-5. Social media were used to expose electoral fraud (1-5)[P]
• media - 6-6. Media coverage index (0-100)
• mediai - 6-6i. Media coverage index (0-100), imputed
• CAMPAIGNFINANCE - CAMPAIGN FINANCE SECTION
• subsidies - 7-1. Parties/candidates had equitable access to public political subsidies(1-5)[
• donations - 7-2. Parties/candidates had equitable access to political donations(1-5)[P]
• accounts - 7-3. Parties/candidates publish transparent financial accounts(1-5)[P]
• rich - 7-4a. Rich people buy elections (1-5)[N]
• rich2 - 7-4b. Rich people buy elections (Reversed coding)
• resources - 7-5a. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (1-5)[N]
• resources2 - 7-5b. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (Reversed coding
• finance - 7-6. Campaign finance index (0-100)
• financei - 7-6i. Campaign finance index (0-100), imputed
• VOTINGPROCESS - VOTING PROCESS SECTION
• violence - 8-1a. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls(1-5)[N]
• violence2 - 8-1b. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls (Reversed coding)
• fraudulent - 8-2a. Some fraudulent votes were cast (1-5)[N]
• fraudulent2 - 8-2b. Some fraudulent votes were cast (Reversed coding)
• easy - 8-3. The process of voting was easy (1-5)[P]
• choice - 8-4. Voters were offered a genuine choice at the ballot box (1-5)[P]
• postal - 8-5. Postal ballots were available (1-5)[P]
• disabled - 8-6. Special voting facilities were available for the disabled (1-5)[P]
• expats - 8-7. National citizens living abroad could vote (1-5)[P]
• internet - 8-8. Some form of internet voting was available (1-5)[P]
• voting - 8-9. Voting process index (0-100)
• votingi - 8-9i. Voting process index (0-100), imputed
• VOTECOUNT - THE VOTE COUNT SECTION
• secure - 9-1. Ballot boxes were secure (1-5)[P]
• delay - 9-2. The results were announced without undue delay (1-5)[P]
• faircount - 9-3. Votes were counted fairly (1-5)[P]
• intlmonitors - 9-4a. Int'l election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• intlmonitors2 - 9-4b. Int'l election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• domesticmonitors - 9-5a. Domestic election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• domesticmonitors2 - 9-5b. Domestic election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• count - 9-6. Vote count index (0-100)
• counti - 9-6i. Vote count index (0-100), imputed
• VOTINGRESULTS - VOTING RESULTS SECTION
• challenged - 10-1a. Parties/candidates challenged the results (1-5)[N]
• challenged2 - 10-1b. Parties/candidates challenged the results (Reversed coding)
• protestspeace - 10-2a. The election led to peaceful protests (1-5)[N]
• protestspeace2 - 10-2b. The election led to peaceful protests (Reversed coding)
• protestsviolent - 10-3a. The election triggered violent protests (1-5)[N]
• protestsviolent2 - 10-3b. The election triggered violent protests (Reversed coding)
• disputes - 10-4. Any disputes were resolved through legal channels (1-5)[P]
• results - 10-5. Results index (0-100)
• resultsi - 10-5i. Results index (0-100), imputed
• ELECTIONAUTHORITIES - ELECTORAL AUTHORITIES SECTION
• impartial - 11-1. The election authorities were impartial (1-5)[P]
• info - 11-2. The authorities distributed information to citizens (1-5)[P]
• scrutiny - 11-3. The authorities allowed public scrutiny of their performance (1-5)[P]
• performance - 11-4. The election authorities performed well (1-5)[P]
• EMBs - 11-5. Electoral authorities index (0-100)
• EMBsi - 11-5i. Electoral authorities index (0-100), imputed
• GENERALQUESTIONS - GENERAL ELECTION QUESTIONS
• familiarity - 13-1. How familiar are you with elections in this country?
• important - 13-2. Which election (if more than 1) was most important
• ORGCONFIDENCE - ORGANIZATIONAL CONFIDENCE SECTION
• courts - 14-1. Confidence in the courts (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• government - 14-2. Confidence in the government (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• parliament - 14-3. Confidence in the parliament (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• police - 14-5. Confidence in the police (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• electoralauth - 14-6. Confidence in the elect.authorities (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• BACKGROUND - EXPERT BACKGROUND SECTION
• employment - 15-1. Employment type
• public - 15-2. Works (or has worked) in the government public sector
• university - 15-3. Works (or has worked) in a university
• nonprofit - 15-4. Works (or has worked) in private non-profit sector/NGOs
• agency - 15-5. Works (or has worked) in International agency
• private - 15-6. Works (or has worked) in a private business or industry
• occupation - 15-7. Most recent occupation
• agegroup - 15-8. Age group (by decade)
• sex - 15-9. Sex (1=female; 0=male)
• education - 15-10. Highest level of education
• born - 15-11. Were you born in this state?
• lived - 15-12. # years lived in this state
• rep - 15-13. Expert was an elected representative
• candidate - 15-14. Expert was a candidate for elected office
• activist - 15-15. Expert was an election activist
• official - 15-16. Expert was an election official
• monitor - 15-17a. Expert was a national official electoral monitor
• monitorint - 15-17. Expert was a international official electoral monitor
• ngo - 15-18. Expert was election NGO watch personnel
• voted - 15-19. Expert voted in this election
• norole - 15-20. Expert did not participate in any role in this election
• citizen - 15-21. Expert is a US citizen (0/1)
• supported - 15-22. Support the winning or losing side
• leftrightscale - 15-23. Political views on 10pt left/right scale
• partyid - 15-24. Party identification
• difficulty - How difficult did you find the survey?
• VIGNETTES - VIGNETTES SECTION
• vignetteA - 16-1. Vignette A (Queues)
• vignetteB - 16-2. Vignette B (Boycotts)
• vignetteC - 16-3. Vignette C (Violence)
• EXTRA - EXTRA SECTION
• rigged - 17-1a. The election was rigged (1-5)[N]
• rigged2 - 17-1b. The election was rigged (Reversed coding)
• machinesaccurate - 17-2a. Voting machines were accurate (1-5)[P]
• recordssecure - 17-3a. Official voting records were secure (1-5)[P]
• waited - 17-4a. Many people waited in line to vote for more than 30 minutes (1-5)[N]
• waited2 - 17-4b. Many people waited in line to vote for more than 30 minutes (Reversed cod
• multiple - 17-5a. Some people voted more than once (1-5)[N]
• multiple2 - 17-5b. Some people voted more than once (Reversed coding)
• regrestrictive - 17-6a. Registration deadlines were too restricted (1-5)[N]
• regrestrictive2 - 17-6b. Registration deadlines were too restricted (Reversed coding)
• obsintimidate - 17-7a. Observers intimidated some voters (1-5)[N]
• obsintimidate2 - 17-7b. Observers intimidated some voters (Reversed coding)
• popularwill - 17-8a. The outcome of the election reflected the popular will (1-5)[P]
• timely - 17-9a. The ballot was counted in a timely fashion (1-5)[P]
• disinformation - 17-10a. Social media spread disinformation (1-5)[N]
• disinformation2 - 17-10b. Social media spread disinformation (Reversed coding)
• hack - 17-11a. Official election records were vulnerable to hacking (1-5)[N]
• hack2 - 17-11b. Official election records were vulnerable to hacking (Reversed coding)
• meddle - 17-12a. Foreigners meddled in the contest (1-5)[N]
• meddle2 - 17-12b. Foreigners meddled in the contest (Reversed coding)
• countdispute - 17-13a. The vote count was disputed by the parties and candidates (1-5)[N]
• countdispute2 - 17-13b. The vote count was disputed by the parties and candidates (Reversed codi
• illegalvote - 17-14a The election saw widespread attempts at illegal voting (1-5)[N]
• illegalvote2 - 17-14b The election saw widespread attempts at illegal voting (Reversed coding)
• legalcount - 17-15a All legal ballots were counted (1-5)[P]
• votersuppress - 17-16a The election saw widespread attempts at voter suppression (1-5)[N]
• votersuppress2 - 17-16b The election saw widespread attempts at voter suppression (Reversed codin
• design - 17-17a The ballot papers were clear and well-designed (1-5)[P]
• candidatethreat - 17-18a Some candidates were threatened by violence (1-5)[N]
• candidatethreat2 - 17-18b Some candidates were threatened by violence (Reversed coding)
• sufficient - 17-19a Polling places had a sufficient number of paper ballots (1-5)[P]
• audit - 17-20a Voting results were subject to a post-election audit (1-5)[P]
• SUBFIELD - SUBFIELD SECTION
• elections - 18-1. Expert's field: Elections and electoral behaviour
• ampol - 18-2. Expert's field: American Politics
• statepol - 18-3. Expert's field: State/Local Politics
• comparative - 18-4. Expert's field: Comparative Politics
• inter - 18-5. Expert's field: International Relations
• polcomm - 18-6. Expert's field: Political Communication/Media Studies/Journalism
• theory - 18-7. Expert's field: Political Theory
• publicadmin - 18-8. Expert's field: Public Administration
• publicpol - 18-9. Expert's field: Public Policy
• methods - 18-10. Expert's field: Methods and Research design
• socio - 18-11. Expert's field: Sociology and Anthropology
• state - State
• stateabbr - State, abbreviation
• statecode - 3-digit state code
• election - Election code
• year - Year of election
• wave - Survey wave
• numresponses - PEI expert responses, by state
• contacted - PEI experts invited, by state
• responserate - PEI response rate, by state
• OVERALLINTEGRITY - OVERALL INTEGRITY
• PEIIndexp - PEI index of electoral integrity, individual
• PEIIndexp_lci - PEI Index (raw individual), low ci
• PEIIndexp_hci - PEI Index (raw individual), high ci
• PEIIndexi - PEI index of electoral integrity, imputed
• PEIIndexi_lci - PEI Index (imputed), low ci
• PEIIndexi_hci - PEI Index (imputed), high ci
• PEIIndex_rank - Rank of election according to PEI experts
• PEItype - PEI Index type
• ratingstate - Rate electoral integrity of the election in the state (1=very poor->10=very good
• ratingstate_lci - Integrity rating, state, low ci
• ratingstate_hci - Integrity rating, state, high ci
• ratingcountry - Rate electoral integrity of the election on average across US (1=very poor->10=v
• ratingcountry_lci - Integrity rating, nationwide, low ci
• ratingcountry_hci - Integrity rating, nationwide, high ci
• LAWS - ELECTORAL LAWS SECTION
• lawsunfair - 1-1a. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (1-5)[N]
• lawsunfair2 - 1-1b. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (Reversed coding)
• favoredincumbent - 1-2a. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (1-5)[N]
• favoredincumbent2 - 1-2b. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (Reversed coding)
• citizens - 1-3a. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (1-5)[N]
• citizens2 - 1-3b. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (Reversed coding)
• laws0 - 1-4. Electoral laws index (0-100)
• lawsi - 1-4i. Electoral laws index (0-100), imputed
• PROCEDURES - ELECTORAL PROCEDURES SECTION
• managed - 2-1. Elections were well managed (1-5)[P]
• votinginfo - 2-2. Information about voting procedures was widely available (1-5)[P]
• fairofficials - 2-3. Election officials were fair (1-5)[P]
• legalelections - 2-4. Elections were conducted in accordance with the law (1-5)[P]
• procedures0 - 2-5. Electoral procedures index (0-100)
• proceduresi - 2-5i. Electoral procedures index (0-100), imputed
• BOUNDARIES - BOUNDARIES FOR VOTING DISTRICTS SECTION
• bdiscrim - 3-1a. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (1-5)[N]
• bdiscrim2 - 3-1b. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (Reversed coding)
• bfavored - 3-2a. Boundaries favored incumbents (1-5)[N]
• bfavored2 - 3-2b. Boundaries favored incumbents (Reversed coding)
• bimpartial - 3-3. Boundaries were impartial (1-5)[P]
• boundaries0 - 3-4. Voting district boundaries index (0-100)
• boundariesi - 3-4i. Voting district boundaries index (0-100), imputed
• VOTERREGISTRATION - VOTER REGISTRATION SECTION
• reglisted - 4-1a. Some citizens were not listed in the register (1-5)[N]
• reglisted2 - 4-1b. Some citizens were not listed in the register (Reversed coding)
• reginaccurate - 4-2a. The electoral register was inaccurate (1-5)[N]
• reginaccurate2 - 4-2b. The electoral register was inaccurate (Reversed coding)
• ineligible - 4-3a. Some ineligible electors were registered (1-5)[N]
• ineligible2 - 4-3b. Some ineligible electors were registered (Reversed coding)
• votereg - 4-4. Voter registration index (0-100)
• voteregi - 4-4i. Voter registration index (0-100), imputed
• PARTYREGISTRATION - PARTY AND CANDIDATE REGISTRATION SECTION
• oppprevent - 5-1a. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (1-5)[N]
• oppprevent2 - 5-1b. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (Reversed coding)
• womenopp - 5-2. Women had equal opportunities to run for office (1-5)[P]
• minorityopp - 5-3. Ethnic and national minorities had equal opportunities to run for office (1
• leaderselect - 5-4a. Only top party leaders selected candidates (1-5)[N]
• leaderselect2 - 5-4b. Only top party leaders selected candidates (Reversed coding)
• rallies - 5-5a. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (1-5
• rallies2 - 5-5b. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (Rev
• partyreg - 5-6. Party and candidate registration index (0-100)
• partyregi - 5-6i. Party and candidate registration index (0-100), imputed
• MEDIACOVERAGE - MEDIA COVERAGE SECTION
• newspapers - 6-1. Newspapers provided balanced election news (1-5)[P]
• tv - 6-2a. TV news favored the governing party (1-5)[N]
• tv2 - 6-2b. TV news favored the governing party (Reversed coding)
• fairaccess - 6-3. Parties/candidates had fair access to political broadcasts and advertising
• faircoverage - 6-4. Journalists provided fair coverage of the elections (1-5)[P]
• socialmedia - 6-5. Social media were used to expose electoral fraud (1-5)[P]
• media - 6-6. Media coverage index (0-100)
• mediai - 6-6i. Media coverage index (0-100), imputed
• CAMPAIGNFINANCE - CAMPAIGN FINANCE SECTION
• subsidies - 7-1. Parties/candidates had equitable access to public political subsidies(1-5)[
• donations - 7-2. Parties/candidates had equitable access to political donations(1-5)[P]
• accounts - 7-3. Parties/candidates publish transparent financial accounts(1-5)[P]
• rich - 7-4a. Rich people buy elections (1-5)[N]
• rich2 - 7-4b. Rich people buy elections (Reversed coding)
• resources - 7-5a. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (1-5)[N]
• resources2 - 7-5b. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (Reversed coding
• finance - 7-6. Campaign finance index (0-100)
• financei - 7-6i. Campaign finance index (0-100), imputed
• VOTINGPROCESS - VOTING PROCESS SECTION
• violence - 8-1a. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls(1-5)[N]
• violence2 - 8-1b. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls (Reversed coding)
• fraudulent - 8-2a. Some fraudulent votes were cast (1-5)[N]
• fraudulent2 - 8-2b. Some fraudulent votes were cast (Reversed coding)
• easy - 8-3. The process of voting was easy (1-1)[Y]
• choice - 8-4. Voters were offered a genuine choice at the ballot box (1-5)[P]
• postal - 8-5. Postal ballots were available (1-5)[P]
• disabled - 8-6. Special voting facilities were available for the disabled (1-5)[P]
• expats - 8-7. National citizens living abroad could vote (1-5)[P]
• internet - 8-8. Some form of internet voting was available (1-5)[P]
• voting - 8-9. Voting process index (0-100)
• votingi - 8-9i. Voting process index (0-100), imputed
• VOTECOUNT - THE VOTE COUNT SECTION
• secure - 9-1. Ballot boxes were secure (1-5)[P]
• delay - 9-2. The results were announced without undue delay (1-5)[P]
• faircount - 9-3. Votes were counted fairly (1-5)[P]
• intlmonitors - 9-4a. Int'l election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• intlmonitors2 - 9-4b. Int'l election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• domesticmonitors - 9-5a. Domestic election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• domesticmonitors2 - 9-5b. Domestic election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• count - 9-6. Vote count index (0-100)
• counti - 9-6i. Vote count index (0-100), imputed
• VOTINGRESULTS - VOTING RESULTS SECTION
• challenged - 10-1a. Parties/candidates challenged the results (1-5)[N]
• challenged2 - 10-1b. Parties/candidates challenged the results (Reversed coding)
• protestspeace - 10-2a. The election led to peaceful protests (1-5)[N]
• protestspeace2 - 10-2b. The election led to peaceful protests (Reversed coding)
• protestsviolent - 10-3a. The election triggered violent protests (1-5)[N]
• protestsviolent2 - 10-3b. The election triggered violent protests (Reversed coding)
• disputes - 10-4. Any disputes were resolved through legal channels (1-5)[P]
• results - 10-5i. Results index (0-100), imputed
• resultsi - 10-5i Results index (0-100), imputed
• ELECTIONAUTHORITIES - ELECTORAL AUTHORITIES SECTION
• impartial - 11-1. The election authorities were impartial (1-5)[P]
• info - 11-2. The authorities distributed information to citizens (1-5)[P]
• scrutiny - 11-3. The authorities allowed public scrutiny of their performance (1-5)[P]
• performance - 11-4. The election authorities performed well (1-5)[P]
• EMBs - 11-5. Electoral authorities index (0-100)
• EMBsi - 11-5i. Electoral authorities index (0-100), imputed
• GENERALQUESTIONS - GENERAL ELECTION QUESTIONS
• familiarity - 13-1. How familiar are you with elections in this country?
• important - 13-2. Which election (if more than 1) was most important
• ORGCONFIDENCE - ORGANIZATIONAL CONFIDENCE SECTION
• courts - 14-1. Confidence in the courts of the state(1=none - 10=a great deal)
• government - 14-2. Confidence in the government (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• parliament - 14-3. Confidence in the parliament (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• police - 14-4. Confidence in the police (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• electoralauth - 14-5. Confidence in the electoral authorities (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• BACKGROUND - EXPERT BACKGROUND SECTION
• employment - 15-1. Employment type
• public - 15-2. Works (or has worked) in the government public sector
• university - 15-3. Works (or has worked) in a university
• nonprofit - 15-4. Works (or has worked) in private non-profit sector/NGOs
• agency - 15-5. Works (or has worked) in an international agency
• private - 15-6. Works (or has worked) in an private business or industry
• occupation - 15-7. Most recent occupation
• agegroup - 15.8 Age group (by decade)
• sex - 15-9. Sex (1=female; 0=male)
• education - 15-10. Highest level of education
• born - 15-11. Were you born in this country?
• lived - 15-12. # years lived in this country
• rep - 15-14. Expert was an elected representative
• candidate - 15-13. Expert was a candidate for elected office
• activist - 15-15. Expert was an election activist
• monitor - 15-19. Expert was a national official electoral monitor
• monitorint - 15-17 Expert was an international official electoral monitor
• ngo - 15-16. Expert was election NGO watch personnel
• voted - 15-17. Expert voted in this election
• norole - 15-18. Expert did not participate in any role in this election
• official - 15-20. Expert was an election official
• citizen - 15-21. Expert is a US citizen
• supported - 15-22. Support the winning or losing side
• leftrightscale - 15-23. Political views on 10pt left/right scale
• partyid - 15-24. Party identification
• difficulty - How difficult did you find the survey?
• VIGNETTES - VIGNETTES SECTION
• vignetteA - 16-1. Vignette A (Queues)
• vignetteB - 16-2. Vignette B (Boycotts)
• vignetteC - 16-3. Vignette C (Violence)
• EXTRA - EXTRA SECTION
• rigged - 17-1a. The election was rigged (1-5)[N]
• rigged2 - 17-1b. The election was rigged (Reversed coding)
• machinesaccurate - 17-2a. Voting machines were accurate (1-5)[P]
• recordssecure - 17-3a. Official voting records were secure (1-5)[P]
• waited - 17-4a. Many people waited in line to vote for more than 30 minutes (1-5)[N]
• waited2 - 17-4b. Many people waited in line to vote for more than 30 minutes (Reversed cod
• multiple - 17-5a. Some people voted more than once (1-5)[N]
• multiple2 - 17-5b. Some people voted more than once (Reversed coding)
• regrestrictive - 17-6a. Registration deadlines were too restricted (1-5)[N]
• regrestrictive2 - 17-6b. Registration deadlines were too restricted (Reversed coding)
• obsintimidate - 17-7a. Observers intimidated some voters (1-5)[N]
• obsintimidate2 - 17-7b. Observers intimidated some voters (Reversed coding)
• popularwill - 17-8a. The outcome of the election reflected the popular will (1-5)[P]
• timely - 17-9a. The ballot was counted in a timely fashion (1-5)[P]
• disinformation - 17-10a. Social media spread disinformation (1-5)[N]
• disinformation2 - 17-10b. Social media spread disinformation (Reversed coding)
• hack - 17-11a. Official election records were vulnerable to hacking (1-5)[N]
• hack2 - 17-11b. Official election records were vulnerable to hacking (Reversed coding)
• meddle - 17-12a. Foreigners meddled in the contest (1-5)[N]
• meddle2 - 17-12b. Foreigners meddled in the contest (Reversed coding)
• countdispute - 17-13a. The vote count was disputed by the parties and candidates (1-5)[N]
• countdispute2 - 17-13b. The vote count was disputed by the parties and candidates (Reversed codi
• illegalvote - 17-14a The election saw widespread attempts at illegal voting (1-5)[N]
• illegalvote2 - 17-14b The election saw widespread attempts at illegal voting (Reversed coding)
• legalcount - 17-15a All legal ballots were counted (1-5)[P]
• votersuppress - 17-16a The election saw widespread attempts at voter suppression (1-5)[N]
• votersuppress2 - 17-16b The election saw widespread attempts at voter suppression (Reversed codin
• design - 17-17a The ballot papers were clear and well-designed (1-5)[P]
• candidatethreat - 17-18a Some candidates were threatened by violence (1-5)[N]
• candidatethreat2 - 17-18b Some candidates were threatened by violence (Reversed coding)
• sufficient - 17-19a Polling places had a sufficient number of paper ballots (1-5)[P]
• audit - 17-20a Voting results were subject to a post-election audit (1-5)[P]
• SUBFIELD - SUBFIELD SECTION
• elections - 18-1. Expert's field: Elections and electoral behaviour
• ampol - 18-2. Expert's field: American Politics
• statepol - 18-3. Expert's field: State/Local Politics
• comparative - 18-4. Expert's field: Comparative Politics
• inter - 18-5. Expert's field: International Relations
• polcomm - 18-6. Expert's field: Political Communication/Media Studies/Journalism
• theory - 18-7. Expert's field: Political Theory
• publicadmin - 18-8. Expert's field: Public Administration
• publicpol - 18-9. Expert's field: Public Policy
• methods - 18-10. Expert's field: Methods and Research design
• socio - 18-11. Expert's field: Sociology and Anthropology
• state - State
• stateabbr - State, abbreviation
• statecode - 3-digit state code
• election - Election code
• year - Year of election
• wave - Survey wave
• numresponses - PEI expert responses, by state
• contacted - PEI experts invited, by state
• responserate - PEI response rate, by state
• OVERALLINTEGRITY - OVERALL INTEGRITY
• PEIIndexp - PEI index of electoral integrity, individual
• PEIIndexp_lci - PEI Index (raw individual), low ci
• PEIIndexp_hci - PEI Index (raw individual), high ci
• PEIIndexi - PEI index of electoral integrity, imputed
• PEIIndexi_lci - PEI Index (imputed), low ci
• PEIIndexi_hci - PEI Index (imputed), high ci
• PEIIndex_rank - Rank of election according to PEI experts
• PEItype - PEI Index type
• ratingstate - Rate electoral integrity of the election in the state (1=very poor->10=very good
• ratingstate_lci - Integrity rating, state, low ci
• ratingstate_hci - Integrity rating, state, high ci
• ratingcountry - Rate electoral integrity of the election on average across US (1=very poor->10=v
• ratingcountry_lci - Integrity rating, nationwide, low ci
• ratingcountry_hci - Integrity rating, nationwide, high ci
• LAWS - ELECTORAL LAWS SECTION
• lawsunfair - 1-1a. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (1-5)[N]
• lawsunfair2 - 1-1b. Electoral laws were unfair to smaller parties (Reversed coding)
• favoredincumbent - 1-2a. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (1-5)[N]
• favoredincumbent2 - 1-2b. Electoral laws favored the governing party or parties (Reversed coding)
• citizens - 1-3a. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (1-5)[N]
• citizens2 - 1-3b. Elections laws restricted citizens' rights (Reversed coding)
• laws - 1-4. Electoral laws index (0-100)
• lawsi - 1-4i. Electoral laws index (0-100), imputed
• PROCEDURES - ELECTORAL PROCEDURES SECTION
• managed - 2-1. Elections were well managed (1-5)[P]
• votinginfo - 2-2. Information about voting procedures was widely available (1-5)[P]
• fairofficials - 2-3. Election officials were fair (1-5)[P]
• legalelections - 2-4. Elections were conducted in accordance with the law (1-5)[P]
• procedures - 2-5. Electoral procedures index (0-100)
• proceduresi - 2-5i. Electoral procedures index (0-100), imputed
• BOUNDARIES - BOUNDARIES FOR VOTING DISTRICTS SECTION
• bdiscrim - 3-1a. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (1-5)[N]
• bdiscrim2 - 3-1b. Boundaries discriminated against some parties (Reversed coding)
• bfavored - 3-2a. Boundaries favored incumbents (1-5)[N]
• bfavored2 - 3-2b. Boundaries favored incumbents (Reversed coding)
• bimpartial - 3-3. Boundaries were impartial (1-5)[P]
• boundaries - 3-4. Voting district boundaries index (0-100)
• boundariesi - 3-4i. Voting district boundaries index (0-100), imputed
• VOTERREGISTRATION - VOTER REGISTRATION SECTION
• reglisted - 4-1a. Some citizens were not listed in the register (1-5)[N]
• reglisted2 - 4-1b. Some citizens were not listed in the register (Reversed coding)
• reginaccurate - 4-2a. The electoral register was inaccurate (1-5)[N]
• reginaccurate2 - 4-2b. The electoral register was inaccurate (Reversed coding)
• ineligible - 4-3a. Some ineligible electors were registered (1-5)[N]
• ineligible2 - 4-3b. Some ineligible electors were registered (Reversed coding)
• votereg - 4-4. Voter registration index (0-100)
• voteregi - 4-4i. Voter registration index (0-100), imputed
• PARTYREGISTRATION - PARTY AND CANDIDATE REGISTRATION SECTION
• oppprevent - 5-1a. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (1-5)[N]
• oppprevent2 - 5-1b. Some opposition candidates were prevented from running (Reversed coding)
• womenopp - 5-2. Women had equal opportunities to run for office (1-5)[P]
• minorityopp - 5-3. Ethnic and national minorities had equal opportunities to run for office (1
• leaderselect - 5-4a. Only top party leaders selected candidates (1-5)[N]
• leaderselect2 - 5-4b. Only top party leaders selected candidates (Reversed coding)
• rallies - 5-5a. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (1-5
• rallies2 - 5-5b. Some parties/candidates were restricted from holding campaign rallies (Rev
• partyreg - 5-6. Party and candidate registration index (0-100)
• partyregi - 5-6i. Party and candidate registration index (0-100), imputed
• MEDIACOVERAGE - MEDIA COVERAGE SECTION
• newspapers - 6-1. Newspapers provided balanced election news (1-5)[P]
• tv - 6-2a. TV news favored the governing party (1-5)[N]
• tv2 - 6-2b. TV news favored the governing party (Reversed coding)
• fairaccess - 6-3. Parties/candidates had fair access to political broadcasts and advertising
• faircoverage - 6-4. Journalists provided fair coverage of the elections (1-5)[P]
• socialmedia - 6-5. Social media were used to expose electoral fraud (1-5)[P]
• media - 6-6. Media coverage index (0-100)
• mediai - 6-6i. Media coverage index (0-100), imputed
• CAMPAIGNFINANCE - CAMPAIGN FINANCE SECTION
• subsidies - 7-1. Parties/candidates had equitable access to public political subsidies(1-5)[
• donations - 7-2. Parties/candidates had equitable access to political donations(1-5)[P]
• accounts - 7-3. Parties/candidates publish transparent financial accounts(1-5)[P]
• rich - 7-4a. Rich people buy elections (1-5)[N]
• rich2 - 7-4b. Rich people buy elections (Reversed coding)
• resources - 7-5a. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (1-5)[N]
• resources2 - 7-5b. Some state resources were improperly used for campaigning (Reversed coding
• finance - 7-6. Campaign finance index (0-100)
• financei - 7-6i. Campaign finance index (0-100), imputed
• VOTINGPROCESS - VOTING PROCESS SECTION
• violence - 8-1a. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls(1-5)[N]
• violence2 - 8-1b. Some voters were threatened with violence at the polls (Reversed coding)
• fraudulent - 8-2a. Some fraudulent votes were cast (1-5)[N]
• fraudulent2 - 8-2b. Some fraudulent votes were cast (Reversed coding)
• easy - 8-3. The process of voting was easy (1-1)[Y]
• choice - 8-4. Voters were offered a genuine choice at the ballot box (1-5)[P]
• postal - 8-5. Postal ballots were available (1-5)[P]
• disabled - 8-6. Special voting facilities were available for the disabled (1-5)[P]
• expats - 8-7. National citizens living abroad could vote (1-5)[P]
• internet - 8-8. Some form of internet voting was available (1-5)[P]
• voting - 8-9. Voting process index (0-100)
• votingi - 8-9i. Voting process index (0-100), imputed
• VOTECOUNT - THE VOTE COUNT SECTION
• secure - 9-1. Ballot boxes were secure (1-5)[P]
• delay - 9-2. The results were announced without undue delay (1-5)[P]
• faircount - 9-3. Votes were counted fairly (1-5)[P]
• intlmonitors - 9-4a. Int'l election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• intlmonitors2 - 9-4b. Int'l election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• domesticmonitors - 9-5a. Domestic election monitors were restricted (1-5)[N]
• domesticmonitors2 - 9-5b. Domestic election monitors were restricted (Reversed coding)
• count - 9-6. Vote count index (0-100)
• counti - 9-6i. Vote count index (0-100), imputed
• VOTINGRESULTS - VOTING RESULTS SECTION
• challenged - 10-1a. Parties/candidates challenged the results (1-5)[N]
• challenged2 - 10-1b. Parties/candidates challenged the results (Reversed coding)
• protestspeace - 10-2a. The election led to peaceful protests (1-5)[N]
• protestspeace2 - 10-2b. The election led to peaceful protests (Reversed coding)
• protestsviolent - 10-3a. The election triggered violent protests (1-5)[N]
• protestsviolent2 - 10-3b. The election triggered violent protests (Reversed coding)
• disputes - 10-4. Any disputes were resolved through legal channels (1-5)[P]
• results - 10-5i. Results index (0-100), imputed
• resultsi - 10-5i Results index (0-100), imputed
• ELECTIONAUTHORITIES - ELECTORAL AUTHORITIES SECTION
• impartial - 11-1. The election authorities were impartial (1-5)[P]
• info - 11-2. The authorities distributed information to citizens (1-5)[P]
• scrutiny - 11-3. The authorities allowed public scrutiny of their performance (1-5)[P]
• performance - 11-4. The election authorities performed well (1-5)[P]
• EMBs - 11-5. Electoral authorities index (0-100)
• EMBsi - 11-5i. Electoral authorities index (0-100), imputed
• GENERALQUESTIONS - GENERAL ELECTION QUESTIONS
• familiarity - 13-1. How familiar are you with elections in this country?
• important - 13-2. Which election (if more than 1) was most important
• ORGCONFIDENCE - ORGANIZATIONAL CONFIDENCE SECTION
• courts - 14-1. Confidence in the courts of the state(1=none - 10=a great deal)
• government - 14-2. Confidence in the government (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• parliament - 14-3. Confidence in the parliament (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• police - 14-4. Confidence in the police (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• electoralauth - 14-5. Confidence in the electoral authorities (1=none - 10=a great deal)
• BACKGROUND - EXPERT BACKGROUND SECTION
• employment - 15-1. Employment type
• public - 15-2. Works (or has worked) in the government public sector
• university - 15-3. Works (or has worked) in a university
• nonprofit - 15-4. Works (or has worked) in private non-profit sector/NGOs
• agency - 15-5. Works (or has worked) in an international agency
• private - 15-6. Works (or has worked) in an private business or industry
• occupation - 15-7. Most recent occupation
• agegroup - 15.8 Age group (by decade)
• sex - 15-9. Sex (1=female; 0=male)
• education - 15-10. Highest level of education
• born - 15-11. Were you born in this country?
• lived - 15-12. # years lived in this country
• rep - 15-14. Expert was an elected representative
• candidate - 15-13. Expert was a candidate for elected office
• activist - 15-15. Expert was an election activist
• monitor - 15-19. Expert was a national official electoral monitor
• monitorint - 15-17 Expert was an international official electoral monitor
• ngo - 15-16. Expert was election NGO watch personnel
• voted - 15-17. Expert voted in this election
• norole - 15-18. Expert did not participate in any role in this election
• official - 15-20. Expert was an election official
• citizen - 15-21. Expert is a US citizen
• supported - 15-22. Support the winning or losing side
• leftrightscale - 15-23. Political views on 10pt left/right scale
• partyid - 15-24. Party identification
• difficulty - How difficult did you find the survey?
• VIGNETTES - VIGNETTES SECTION
• vignetteA - 16-1. Vignette A (Queues)
• vignetteB - 16-2. Vignette B (Boycotts)
• vignetteC - 16-3. Vignette C (Violence)
• EXTRA - EXTRA SECTION
• rigged - 17-1a. The election was rigged (1-5)[N]
• rigged2 - 17-1b. The election was rigged (Reversed coding)
• machinesaccurate - 17-2a. Voting machines were accurate (1-5)[P]
• recordssecure - 17-3a. Official voting records were secure (1-5)[P]
• waited - 17-4a. Many people waited in line to vote for more than 30 minutes (1-5)[N]
• waited2 - 17-4b. Many people waited in line to vote for more than 30 minutes (Reversed cod
• multiple - 17-5a. Some people voted more than once (1-5)[N]
• multiple2 - 17-5b. Some people voted more than once (Reversed coding)
• regrestrictive - 17-6a. Registration deadlines were too restricted (1-5)[N]
• regrestrictive2 - 17-6b. Registration deadlines were too restricted (Reversed coding)
• obsintimidate - 17-7a. Observers intimidated some voters (1-5)[N]
• obsintimidate2 - 17-7b. Observers intimidated some voters (Reversed coding)
• popularwill - 17-8a. The outcome of the election reflected the popular will (1-5)[P]
• timely - 17-9a. The ballot was counted in a timely fashion (1-5)[P]
• disinformation - 17-10a. Social media spread disinformation (1-5)[N]
• disinformation2 - 17-10b. Social media spread disinformation (Reversed coding)
• hack - 17-11a. Official election records were vulnerable to hacking (1-5)[N]
• hack2 - 17-11b. Official election records were vulnerable to hacking (Reversed coding)
• meddle - 17-12a. Foreigners meddled in the contest (1-5)[N]
• meddle2 - 17-12b. Foreigners meddled in the contest (Reversed coding)
• countdispute - 17-13a. The vote count was disputed by the parties and candidates (1-5)[N]
• countdispute2 - 17-13b. The vote count was disputed by the parties and candidates (Reversed codi
• illegalvote - 17-14a The election saw widespread attempts at illegal voting (1-5)[N]
• illegalvote2 - 17-14b The election saw widespread attempts at illegal voting (Reversed coding)
• legalcount - 17-15a All legal ballots were counted (1-5)[P]
• votersuppress - 17-16a The election saw widespread attempts at voter suppression (1-5)[N]
• votersuppress2 - 17-16b The election saw widespread attempts at voter suppression (Reversed codin
• design - 17-17a The ballot papers were clear and well-designed (1-5)[P]
• candidatethreat - 17-18a Some candidates were threatened by violence (1-5)[N]
• candidatethreat2 - 17-18b Some candidates were threatened by violence (Reversed coding)
• sufficient - 17-19a Polling places had a sufficient number of paper ballots (1-5)[P]
• audit - 17-20a Voting results were subject to a post-election audit (1-5)[P]
• SUBFIELD - SUBFIELD SECTION
• elections - 18-1. Expert's field: Elections and electoral behaviour
• ampol - 18-2. Expert's field: American Politics
• statepol - 18-3. Expert's field: State/Local Politics
• comparative - 18-4. Expert's field: Comparative Politics
• inter - 18-5. Expert's field: International Relations
• polcomm - 18-6. Expert's field: Political Communication/Media Studies/Journalism
• theory - 18-7. Expert's field: Political Theory
• publicadmin - 18-8. Expert's field: Public Administration
• publicpol - 18-9. Expert's field: Public Policy
• methods - 18-10. Expert's field: Methods and Research design
• socio - 18-11. Expert's field: Sociology and Anthropology

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 574.0; Max. 20574.0; StDev 165.84380201462662; Min. 20001.0; Mean 20287.5

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:P5lNCiVWoGFZfbL/jBxSZA==

f3422148 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:JGRHOjN3ewuzCUPYRbQpsA==

f3422148 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:eX7EErsi/uhZbaEfg0wstQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 231.0; Mean 177.98606271777007; StDev 48.74476547727055; Min. 102.0; Valid 574.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:T03na/s3AtSC9Jke1RrnBA==

f3422148 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:5jEJuI6jyW3a078GkTuU0g==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 574.0; StDev 0.0; Mean 2018.0; Min. 2018.0; Max. 2018.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PeegZVz0TsE8/AJziUBwiA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.0; Valid 574.0; Mean 2018.0; Min. 2018.0; Max. 2018.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PeegZVz0TsE8/AJziUBwiA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean NaN; StDev NaN; Min. NaN; Max. NaN; Valid 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 13.166686577378757; Valid 66.0; Max. 88.7755126953125; Mean 61.0853433898001; Min. 38.26530456542969

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Pdecl4sqRoLcyvj7Yh9kyA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 94.31122589111328; StDev 11.326115145617832; Valid 563.0; Min. 30.918367385864258; Mean 64.88604222394221;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:FXkn9Wxy0pFPhJi8LbV5iA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.8759733875328648; Mean 7.96830985915493; Min. 1.0; Max. 10.0; Valid 568.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Vup8APVTedtwYldkwwOHaw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 572.0; Mean 6.080419580419581; Max. 10.0; StDev 1.990476757479921; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:lXWGsuXaT49r2nYxXG0v5w==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. NaN; Valid 0.0; StDev NaN; Mean NaN; Min. NaN

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.2959558823529407; StDev 1.2041603012885043; Valid 544.0; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:SzKtDSReA1ULs1M1SA3XJA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.2041603012885043; Mean 2.7040441176470593; Valid 544.0; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KliTSC3/N6zb1KIktmNBkg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 565.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.3146553099846365; Mean 3.3929203539823014; Max. 5.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:edA/HttipVZ+v4v0I50lMA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 565.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.3146553099846365; Max. 5.0; Mean 2.6070796460176986

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fzUXIgyOWQMG8ut1IGsLPw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.3360641196426437; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 2.8368794326241127; Valid 564.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:XqLn6xZ0Iuc8m3AsZY6V5g==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 564.0; Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0; Mean 3.1631205673758873; StDev 1.3360641196426437

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:uxtYnvSVekosa2hkPJKXxg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 100.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 46.08938507705206; StDev 25.425848038357515; Valid 537.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:cHLmuFTpLoV5jdnFcSHL2A==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 100.0; StDev 25.279322333878348; Min. 0.0; Valid 574.0; Mean 45.606852127699895

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gWVYj2gGvIx3F8aZ2giIXg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 0.0; Min. NaN; Max. NaN; Mean NaN; StDev NaN;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Mean 3.839788732394366; Valid 568.0; StDev 1.0527705738731477; Min. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:/KxQjpDdkWt0ABbWBmeqYQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.9248251748251755; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.026588285066546; Valid 572.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:V5+Xe4k+2Q27FwGTEZMCQA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; StDev 0.9060437446986271; Mean 4.176684881602915; Valid 549.0; Min. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:u3kYoFBLvQVOF1C0Fwe4sA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; Valid 558.0; Mean 4.2831541218638; StDev 0.8186138487072961;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:76LaaWXr84QnF0wOXnSumQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 539.0; Max. 100.0; Mean 76.49582560296847; StDev 20.279411066674587; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:FPlrJTVUr773g0+HPSvGcw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 19.91846255708639; Mean 76.45742595818815; Max. 100.0; Valid 574.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:4XoatoNJbBRH49qx0xRvSA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 0.0; Mean NaN; StDev NaN; Min. NaN; Max. NaN;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 535.0; Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0; StDev 1.325437786828479; Mean 3.5551401869158865

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:EjDO53AkXjSb7KpVOqhhRw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.325437786828479; Mean 2.4448598130841135; Min. 1.0; Valid 535.0; Max. 5.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:NfHmi/PAVMYZyJ5NAmkB+w==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Mean 3.6802218114602603; StDev 1.2214732857273678; Valid 541.0; Min. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:6+HDXY9XTxa25yyakMnWnQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 2.3197781885397397; Valid 541.0; StDev 1.2214732857273678

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:B3myZfnEeXbIzP9VRT5n3g==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; Valid 536.0; StDev 1.2508819597473504; Mean 2.3712686567164156

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Um907hJf/tT5jIpHX2ihEg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 29.297234907780076; Mean 34.16666637750775; Max. 100.0; Valid 520.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9Pw2Qv0ePXaKMANHqpw6vg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 574.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 28.58172119425981; Max. 100.0; Mean 35.0428278637265

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:TDH7MKri/GtL0DSuDZWslQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. NaN; StDev NaN; Max. NaN; Valid 0.0; Mean NaN

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 339.0; Mean 3.3539823008849554; Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0; StDev 1.2132431522293392;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:nE+ilfi1sn19BoLkrPgjmg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 339.0; StDev 1.2132431522293392; Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0; Mean 2.6460176991150446;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:FWt5Y8UQt+43yDNLGY6uHA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; Valid 362.0; Mean 2.803867403314917; StDev 1.1639489875107565;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:nf4nbra7dPJ98Me2gKSGyg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 362.0; Mean 3.196132596685083; Max. 5.0; StDev 1.1639489875107565; Min. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Xzdr3FIw72XCSW2La684tw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Valid 339.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.0172449625772255; Mean 2.1356932153392334;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:g6WnqGcnSjBT5r9YHmhhaw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; StDev 1.0172449625772255; Min. 1.0; Valid 339.0; Mean 3.8643067846607666;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:BMr3sCT1whtZnic23tyCng==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 8.333333015441895; Valid 287.0; Max. 100.0; StDev 21.39513828598962; Mean 57.37514495517318

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sGp3RMsrqIQ9Hk0JhgW+9g==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 574.0; Max. 100.0; StDev 17.927177339661714; Min. 8.333333015441895; Mean 56.9141985481209

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HYFqicTropNbubv91q5CVA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. NaN; StDev NaN; Mean NaN; Min. NaN; Valid 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Valid 488.0; StDev 0.9505124558382592; Mean 1.9959016393442621; Max. 5.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Cs2NNMdO5WKFb88YIohMQg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Mean 4.004098360655737; Max. 5.0; StDev 0.9505124558382588; Valid 488.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:AeTWa+nWvTPuzM75GZSF4w==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.9635411719677609; Valid 559.0; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 4.041144901610018

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:O460QhhBMcFKmKzYhEdNdg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Valid 558.0; Mean 3.838709677419355; Max. 5.0; StDev 1.0528953591335646;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:x9bSM6S1hMpiEQCsAmYhZw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Mean 2.072519083969465; Valid 524.0; StDev 0.9652115895683248; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:c2mK4syYSfdnxPW6cIPU5A==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Mean 3.927480916030535; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.9652115895683248; Valid 524.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:MI3kBc31ABSdPaME+exS0Q==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; Valid 476.0; Mean 1.5735294117647058; StDev 0.6934679753365215;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:j1T/67J8KOmu+wzrxI0CxA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 476.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.6934679753365215; Max. 5.0; Mean 4.426470588235294

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:VXVxBLtNc6+XEBHogBVXWg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 16.103172268083682; Mean 77.56440281030444; Max. 100.0; Min. 20.0; Valid 427.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:h25uXDE9P1nhpL+kfCdZPg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 574.0; Max. 100.0; Mean 76.09930314253432; Min. 20.0; StDev 15.688209608340044;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:o4JrwPR8dozC0rYZn1j3XA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. NaN; Mean NaN; Max. NaN; Valid 0.0; StDev NaN

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Valid 550.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 3.512727272727273; StDev 1.0431587426075313

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PbImA28fOJ91Mw4j35LHtA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 488.0; Mean 2.5307377049180335; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.9860827593399085

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:vUZXfnDb13CnELcqP1/7wQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 488.0; Mean 3.4692622950819665; StDev 0.9860827593399085; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:xsimoX7Dct0JtfkO38JleQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 1.0596915153875854; Mean 3.5868263473053887; Max. 5.0; Valid 501.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gxkD30u6ljAVh6wKC56mVg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0; StDev 0.9900012144249292; Mean 3.712230215827338; Valid 556.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sPgnDUICdHvE6WWtz5EKnA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.0021856550338073; Max. 5.0; Valid 331.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 2.667673716012085;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GqtapEoweXPTbTgdmVNCQg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 100.0; StDev 17.899735030176117; Mean 57.74410774410775; Valid 297.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:E+mCiIoUMQH2Nom+u8Hk0w==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 574.0; Mean 60.24651567944252; Min. 0.0; Max. 100.0; StDev 16.58298545758543

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dr5GECWojiIPGS5tA4cl4A==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 0.0; StDev NaN; Min. NaN; Max. NaN; Mean NaN;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Mean 3.0644171779141103; Min. 1.0; Valid 326.0; StDev 1.186653003864623

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:QrHPbybtonHzd+SyoYJgYQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0; Mean 3.119047619047619; Valid 504.0; StDev 1.2331223545401666

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:T8lLostLdGJXSh1lu9/UxA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 3.0520833333333335; StDev 1.164630019710731; Valid 480.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:jXPlG/gVmWJVC6AkO4PI5g==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 565.0; StDev 1.1232970541617808; Min. 1.0; Mean 3.175221238938053; Max. 5.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:n/rbRUhkt0TWgWQbDUMR4w==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.1232970541617808; Min. 1.0; Mean 2.824778761061947; Max. 5.0; Valid 565.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:oKf8bBOb/lNzveqhwTnehw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Mean 2.5025125628140703; Valid 398.0; StDev 1.0593204982335593; Max. 5.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2Q3I5sZKo4BrIRhzNW75eA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Mean 3.4974874371859297; Max. 5.0; StDev 1.0593204982335593; Valid 398.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WULDXJ+iURMawOyZt66CqA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 21.055800932928484; Max. 100.0; Mean 50.188284518828446; Valid 239.0; Min. 5.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:T2L0A1/sYNfPZtvepUgM0Q==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 18.04164840219843; Valid 574.0; Mean 53.18728222996516; Min. 5.0; Max. 100.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Isu1x3kwfM3WAR3HbOOnFw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. NaN; Valid 0.0; Max. NaN; Mean NaN; StDev NaN;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.784440283989231; Max. 5.0; Mean 1.6592292089249494; Min. 1.0; Valid 493.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:iw6rBfnjP6iO+Az4kLNVag==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 4.340770791075051; Valid 493.0; StDev 0.784440283989231; Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:+yAlOaTuPhZ1vFfZPIBabQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 448.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 1.96875; Max. 5.0; StDev 1.0139546473317422;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:d+AaGePrXKJaa0QIkbazVA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0; Valid 448.0; StDev 1.0139546473317422; Mean 4.03125;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:uykTAEcwxyj5dRn3z/zwQQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.733333333333333; Max. 5.0; Valid 570.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 1.0846967671855685

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:X3uqlURljwjH0z6Lx3za2A==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 1.0815916689298526; Valid 571.0; Max. 5.0; Mean 3.807355516637478

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:/Jy2TtvRMFsQedyToXiGAQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 4.140684410646388; Max. 5.0; Valid 526.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.9832786299026207;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:yuT2F1ZV8Rn/ccvOQ5xZLw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.8749656962391132; Valid 397.0; Mean 4.06801007556675

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:bWJ9F333zYm8wEKj8Yah6g==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Valid 462.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.7730063124864895; Mean 4.205627705627705

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:nonHYOO+B4ViJgui+SQVLw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 447.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 1.4586129753914987; StDev 0.6942821244002726; Max. 5.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:3Bn+ToP11z2puwhAabAy8Q==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 12.728638093248367; Max. 93.75; Valid 232.0; Min. 21.875; Mean 67.44342672413794

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sUkinyHHefHc+yCF0QKcAg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 11.687820877331148; Min. 21.875; Valid 574.0; Mean 68.49548127177701; Max. 100.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rLgga43EuZusvH8Ky/TuqA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean NaN; Min. NaN; StDev NaN; Max. NaN; Valid 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 0.8338444240488635; Max. 5.0; Valid 490.0; Mean 4.142857142857143

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tTOzFI27PF0Vcf7Wh2xflQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Valid 570.0; Max. 5.0; StDev 0.9982270843836292; Mean 3.9947368421052643;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:V7+TASViRCF1ZG7bg6tTaA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; StDev 0.8192385180337098; Mean 4.223684210526316; Min. 1.0; Valid 532.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:pl9gIX0oKw1wczXS5iI9og==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.0555555555555554; StDev 0.919028644375233; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; Valid 198.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:QSGr6Qko2zhCeH0WEmA4rw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Valid 198.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 3.9444444444444446; StDev 0.919028644375233;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:H/bTmKLz97ghAwFh/B3tUw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 355.0; Max. 5.0; Mean 1.8281690140845073; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.7963871632104764;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:v+LQ+Il02Z84zak0NC1tew==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Mean 4.171830985915493; Valid 355.0; Min. 1.0; StDev 0.7963871632104753;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:8GEZsOIrluyN7H7UtmDIsA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 20.0; Mean 76.23626373626374; Max. 100.0; StDev 17.636106963730303; Valid 182.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WL8ZM51z6BY5cuz17nW8GA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 100.0; Valid 574.0; StDev 13.841098607892082; Min. 20.0; Mean 77.51524390243902;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sJLfyi9gXW89NVp2O/NoWw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean NaN; StDev NaN; Max. NaN; Min. NaN; Valid 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.0; Mean 2.4266917293233075; StDev 1.2336623301028924; Valid 532.0; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KAiIo9K3HAEYpdd6EsWB0A==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.5733082706766925; Valid 532.0; Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0; StDev 1.2336623301028924;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:mjCpDhAoLA2LdW4sz5qKJg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.0206486667248411; Valid 526.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 2.0456273764258555; Max. 5.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:3l5j8mqW08CCzHQFBMJCmg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 526.0; StDev 1.0206486667248411; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 3.9543726235741445

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:R4hVS/eJKIMMn4pEePWdaw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 3.0; Valid 547.0; Mean 1.3071297989031079; StDev 0.5070965145441056

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ZcX9K20Kkd7Ev8FUDWiKxg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 4.692870201096892; Valid 547.0; Max. 5.0; Min. 3.0; StDev 0.5070965145441056;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:cTqr5deWU0Htv/pyC4lT9g==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.7654441032813648; Max. 5.0; Valid 474.0; Min. 1.0; Mean 4.158227848101266

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YK86PBwmgJx2lB+Fx3z79A==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 76.70724465558196; Min. 12.5; Valid 421.0; StDev 15.614838059618059; Max. 100.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:j3MLDFXipuKV/LNNngVNwA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 100.0; Min. 12.5; StDev 14.642215900439204; Mean 77.4586236933798; Valid 574.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:NeneeIFr4vckweQxoSqP/A==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 0.0; Mean NaN; StDev NaN; Min. NaN; Max. NaN

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.0141282791903192; Valid 552.0; Mean 3.7989130434782603; Max. 5.0; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2i4kzJ9uVqi4A7bv7xm8vQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0; StDev 0.8985019619453963; Valid 560.0; Mean 3.9446428571428576;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:AXeqBR63B8IRoaxIhKKQag==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 0.943140622592602; Max. 5.0; Valid 510.0; Mean 3.82156862745098

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:T92pbmbJQ2nmZslXRkQfCQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 563.0; StDev 0.9658525032689791; Mean 3.8685612788632326; Min. 1.0; Max. 5.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:e6VLBg+wBE4sAPAKhXlBGg==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 100.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 20.45949046574666; Mean 71.53201219512195; Valid 492.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:SK74c813Oaa56P3zZZIIxw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 100.0; Mean 71.64634146341464; StDev 19.437979446097227; Valid 574.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:8sMf37w+XTCHh3qgWp/TxA==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev NaN; Min. NaN; Mean NaN; Valid 0.0; Max. NaN;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 2.0; StDev 1.5381975837429227; Mean 8.235934664246823; Max. 10.0; Valid 551.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Qk5gJ1Mkbapjrs0h09dZkw==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 558.0; StDev 1.441073954942526; Min. 1.0; Mean 2.1810035842293907; Max. 6.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2WHAhsJwOmrbkwLM+JJhPQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. NaN; Min. NaN; Mean NaN; Valid 0.0; StDev NaN

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J/ZFPqPNBPaq1PD0OP1JoQ==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 1.9257775118697924; Valid 569.0; Mean 6.369068541300529; Max. 9.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:SaK6uNkgNy4Q3W5BA9tU4g==

f3422148 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 2.0931644481881992; Mean 5.313380281690141; Max. 9.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 568.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PGjfLI9U6vKbwncZh4iNdA==

f3422148 Location: