Are All Legal Probabilities Created Equal? (doi:10.7910/DVN/NMWITM)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
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Document Description

Citation

Title:

Are All Legal Probabilities Created Equal?

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/NMWITM

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Date of Distribution:

2009-06-12

Version:

Bibliographic Citation:

Yuval Feldman; Doron Teichman, 2009, "Are All Legal Probabilities Created Equal?", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NMWITM, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:3:er9eYzxHpgaOJn5fQnKNfw== [fileUNF]

Study Description

Citation

Title:

Are All Legal Probabilities Created Equal?

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/NMWITM

Authoring Entity:

Yuval Feldman (Bar-Ilan University)

Doron Teichman (Hebrew University of Jerusalem)

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Date of Deposit:

2009-02-24

Holdings Information:

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NMWITM

Study Scope

Abstract:

At the core of the economic analysis of law lies the concept of expected sanctions, which are calculated by multiplying the sanction that is applied to wrongdoers by the probability that it will be applied. This probability is a result of several sequential probabilities that involve the different actors responsible for sanctioning wrongdoers (e.g. police, prosecutors, judges, jurors, etc.). Generally, legal economists treat different legal probabilities as fungible and simply multiply them m uch like any other sequential probabilistic situation. In this paper we challenge this assumption, and demonstrate that different types of legal probabilities are perceived by people as different and are expected to affect their behavior in distinct ways. More specifically, we show that uncertainty associated with legal ambiguity and uncertainty associated with imperfect enforcement should not be treated as equal. To test these predictions, we designed a series of between-subjects experimental surveys that measured and compared participants’ attitudes toward compliance in conditions of uncertainty. We used a sample of several hundred students both from Israel and the United States who received a description of a hypothetical scenario in which the dimension that was manipulated was related to whether the source of uncertainty was in the legality of the behavior or in the likelihood of enforc ement (while holding the expected sanction constant). Overall these studies confirmed our main hypothesis that people will comply less, when the source of uncertainty is in the law itself, in comparison to situations where the source of uncertainty is in enforcement but the illegality is clear.

Kind of Data:

Experimental Data

Methodology and Processing

Sources Statement

Data Access

Notes:

Other Study Description Materials

Related Publications

Citation

Title:

84 N.Y.U. L. Rev. (forthcoming Oct. 2009).

Bibliographic Citation:

84 N.Y.U. L. Rev. (forthcoming Oct. 2009).

File Description--f1416460

File: study1.tab

Number of cases: 71
No. of variables per record: 8
Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:3:WURVsmdcIq+lHJtj2lN9VQ==

File Description--f1416459

File: study2.tab

Number of cases: 159
No. of variables per record: 13
Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:3:Qm6bWOvGqVsjSh6J5FHQ2A==

File Description--f1416458

File: study3.tab

Number of cases: 197
No. of variables per record: 13
Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:3:g0o8yQwJoUbi4Xnhy9mGQg==

Variable Description

List of Variables:

uncertai - Type of Uncertainty
moral - Perceived Morality
socialy - Perceived Social Desirability
percent - Industry-wide Incompliance
statemen - Managerial Incompliance
possible - Attempt to Comply
money - Willingness to Pay
end - Intention to Violate the Law
sanction - Type of Sanction
ambiguou - Type of Uncertainty
version - Version of Study (Sanction x Uncertainty)
moral - Perceived Morality
undesira - Perceived Social Desirability
percent - Industry-wide Incompliance
statemen - Managerial Incompliance
trying - Attempt to Comply
money - Willingness to Pay
end - Intention to Violate the Law
gender - Gender
religion - Religion
filter__ - sanction =1 (FILTER)
uncertai - Type of Uncertainty
damage - Environmental Context
version - Version of Study (Environmental Context x Uncertainty)
moral - Perceived Morality
undesira - Perceived Social Desirability
percent - Industry-wide Incompliance
agree - Managerial Incompliance
trying - Attempt to Comply
money - Willingness to Pay
end - Intention to Violate the Law
gender - Gender
religion - Religion
filter__ - damage=2 (FILTER)

Variables

Type of Uncertainty

f1416460 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
2.	enforcement uncertainty	43
1.	legal uncertainty	28

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:aosNdSUSgPVh2I1Ewf65wQ==

Perceived Morality

f1416460 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	1-acceptable	5
10.	10-unacceptable	19

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:t23LvPJRIiglazCAq3NFAw==

Perceived Social Desirability

f1416460 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	1-acceptable	4
10.	10-unacceptable	11

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:yKRKYTXR9/+BQEXyMbz0xA==

Industry-wide Incompliance

f1416460 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
100.	100%	3
30.	30%	1
20.	20%	2
90.	90%	17
60.	60%	10
50.	50%	9
10.	10%	5
70.	70%	11
80.	80%	10
40.	40%	3

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:Qm291yEwBDtDVCAZiNXvbQ==

Managerial Incompliance

f1416460 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
10.	10-disagree	0
1.	1-agree	5

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:KGjyeXyrbetGRr8HTt6Htg==

Attempt to Comply

f1416460 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	1-disagree	2
10.	10-agree	24

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:OkXtShd7ciFieCquIf9w2A==

Willingness to Pay

f1416460 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
10.	10-unacceptable	14
1.	1-acceptable	5

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:80FESxoCd3lV9sECpxsXsg==

Intention to Violate the Law

f1416460 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	yes	19
2.	no	50

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:lBWdY+KZqOqmYUwwLxWEZw==

Type of Sanction

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
2.	criminal law	77
1.	civil law	82

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:PWKkOdU4FhXnOCl2ZRDxww==

Type of Uncertainty

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	legal uncertainty	82
2.	enforcement uncertainty	77

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:3CA0AfMJz5DuCXQmvTAzEQ==

Version of Study (Sanction x Uncertainty)

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
1.	civil law x legal uncertainty	40
4.	criminal law x enforcement uncertainty	35
2.	civil law x enforcement uncertainty	42
3.	civil law x legal uncertainty	42

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:zrLqMAWuHTfPqXsY+X60Rw==

Perceived Morality

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	1-acceptable	1
10.	10-unacceptable	53

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:nAQvpC+wd22ZzaUOwazDPA==

Perceived Social Desirability

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	1-acceptable	3
10.	10-unacceptable	45

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:57N90VdhNu51ZJblERh0Ng==

Industry-wide Incompliance

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
60.	60%	18
70.	70%	27
50.	50%	14
10.	10%	0
90.	90%	44
30.	30%	1
80.	80%	32
100.	100%	18
20.	20%	0
40.	40%	5

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:aZR93Mul22eNooVxnj3avw==

Managerial Incompliance

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	1-agree
10.	10-disagree

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:jmn5oQPtBPKwUg1DbkrzjQ==

Attempt to Comply

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
10.	10-agree
1.	1-disagree

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:3+83G9ykMh+HZGJosHy2aw==

Willingness to Pay

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
10.	10-unacceptable
1.	1-acceptable

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:Vjnv2Y4woixR3cCGZGw7aw==

Intention to Violate the Law

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	yes	43
2.	no	116

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:y8pVYqAFk7h3ygMKsTzgog==

Gender

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	male	47
2.	female	111

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:zgpMYcjJvkHp2tzp8N0IKw==

Religion

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
1.	religious	54
2.	masorati	16
3.	secular	81

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:Q5D2K43C1iMzBLVCQj9IVw==

sanction =1 (FILTER)

f1416459 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
0.	Not Selected	77
1.	Selected	82

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:bYJ1ExGcGVk97ebYhvSJ5g==

Type of Uncertainty

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	legal uncertainty	100
2.	enforcement uncertainty	97

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:Ka3g59N9+twY3HxYVRvTFQ==

Environmental Context

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
2.	environmental damage	100
1.	no environmental damage	97

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:02jkw12SoVpr/SjveKPhkA==

Version of Study (Environmental Context x Uncertainty)

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
4.	criminal law x enforcement uncertainty	50
1.	civil law x legal uncertainty	50
2.	civil law x enforcement uncertainty	50
3.	civil law x legal uncertainty	47

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:Cah7Whnwnb0ftYCUiHHZLg==

Perceived Morality

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	1-acceptable
10.	10-unacceptable

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:o9uLVVUsDRf//X8ftExZQw==

Perceived Social Desirability

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	1-acceptable	4
10.	10-unacceptable	41

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:QRn44wntUCPISr8pT5C8Qg==

Industry-wide Incompliance

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
50.	50%	8
10.	10%	2
90.	90%	59
30.	30%	10
60.	60%	17
80.	80%	42
40.	40%	5
70.	70%	32
20.	20%	1
100.	100%	18

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:oJC5UbZ9WGZFP2y+eiMXiw==

Managerial Incompliance

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	1-agree	45
10.	10-disagree	4

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:Z1dUJnrwp6ENvXe2MrOPyA==

Attempt to Comply

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	1-disagree	4
10.	10-agree	44

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:c+a3uf9+7adUTPamhjEGEA==

Willingness to Pay

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
1.	1-acceptable	17
10.	10-unacceptable	27

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:bJoru+AueQyJNkkrGtL+Sw==

Intention to Violate the Law

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
2.	no	128
1.	yes	66

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:SzEFaMI2p5qX6efKNikoLg==

Gender

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
2.	female	83
1.	male	110

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:mBTShpx3A76oGnBCO9wBmw==

Religion

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency
2.	masoraty	18
3.	secular	161
1.	religious	11

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:yYRG2EH2lxitxYlNT1WBpA==

damage=2 (FILTER)

f1416458 Location:

Value	Label	Frequency	Text
0.	Not Selected	97
1.	Selected	100

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:3:ENzj2/03jzJgMXe6TpGXvw==

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Codebook - Study 1.pdf

Text:

Notes:

application/pdf

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Codebook - Study 2.pdf

Text:

Notes:

application/pdf

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

Codebook - Study 3.pdf

Text:

Notes:

application/pdf