Replication Data for: Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India’s Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel (doi:10.7910/DVN/XXUAQ2)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
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Replication Data for: Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India’s Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel

doi:10.7910/DVN/XXUAQ2

Harvard Dataverse

2025-03-28

1

Kutty, Sumitha Narayanan; Ladwig III, Walter C, 2025, "Replication Data for: Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India’s Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/XXUAQ2, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:kFO36TumhuYnrFz6gyVwrg== [fileUNF]

Replication Data for: Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India’s Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel

doi:10.7910/DVN/XXUAQ2

Kutty, Sumitha Narayanan (King’s College London, UK)

Ladwig III, Walter C (King’s College London, UK)

Harvard Dataverse

Ladwig III, Walter C

UB-KSU, ISQ

2025-03-28

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/XXUAQ2

Social Sciences

As a rising India has sought both standing and recognition in the international system, observers have debated whether revisionist or status quo tendencies have characterized the country’s engagement with the outside world since the end of the Cold War. One way to gain insight into such issues is to study the behavior of its apex leaders. Face-to-face diplomacy and high-level visits are an increasingly prominent feature of India’s international relations. Given the scarce nature of senior officials’ time, where they choose to travel can serve as a key indicator of their priorities. Employing an original data set, we analyze the factors shaping foreign travel by Indian prime ministers and foreign ministers between 1992 and 2019. These indicate that strategic interests—rather than ideological affinity with the Global South, domestic politics, or bureaucratic routine—have the primary role in shaping India’s foreign engagement. Since foreign visits are purposeful, where Indian leaders travel can be assessed for indicators of revisionist or status quo leanings in the country’s foreign policy. Although examination of the specific patterns of overseas visits does not indicate definitive membership of either camp, they do highlight aspects of India’s contested relationship with the current international order.

Sumitha Narayanan Kutty, Walter C Ladwig III, Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India’s Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel, International Studies Quarterly, Volume 69, Issue 1, March 2025, sqae144, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqae144

• Number of cases: 5383

• No. of variables per record: 66

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:kFO36TumhuYnrFz6gyVwrg==

• stateabb - stateabb
• cowid - cowid
• year - year
• pm_vis_bi - pm_vis_bi
• pm_vis_bi_logit - pm_vis_bi_logit
• pm_vis_bi_days - pm_vis_bi_days
• eam_vis_bi - eam_vis_bi
• eam_vis_bi_logit - eam_vis_bi_logit
• eam_vis_bi_days - eam_vis_bi_days
• pre_vis_bi_logit - pre_vis_bi_logit
• vp_vis_bi_logit - vp_vis_bi_logit
• lag_mil_expln - lag_mil_expln
• lag_indarms_inln - lag_indarms_inln
• lag_indexp13 - lag_indexp13
• lag_gdppcln - lag_gdppcln
• lag_oilreservesln - lag_oilreservesln
• lag_indalign - lag_indalign
• g7 - g7
• rpower - rpower
• g77 - g77
• lag_unemp13 - lag_unemp13
• lag_inflation13 - lag_inflation13
• lag_lnkcombc - lag_lnkcombc
• genelec - genelec
• lag_nri_ln - lag_nri_ln
• polity - polity
• hrts - hrts
• unsanctions - unsanctions
• lag_usarms_outln - lag_usarms_outln
• usdefense - usdefense
• ussanc - ussanc
• lag_usalign - lag_usalign
• lag_rusarms_outln - lag_rusarms_outln
• rusdefense - rusdefense
• russanc - russanc
• lag_rusalign - lag_rusalign
• chisanc - chisanc
• lag_chiarms_outln - lag_chiarms_outln
• lag_chialign - lag_chialign
• rao - rao
• deve_gowda - deve_gowda
• gujral - gujral
• vajpayee - vajpayee
• singh - singh
• modi - modi
• coalition - coalition
• minority - minority
• majority - majority
• neighbor - neighbor
• ce - ce
• cwa - cwa
• ea - ea
• eurasia - eurasia
• ew - ew
• esa - esa
• gulf - gulf
• ior - ior
• la - la
• na - na
• ocean - ocean
• sea - sea
• wana - wana
• lag_pm_vis_bi_logit - lag_pm_vis_bi_logit
• lag2_pm_vis_bi_logit - lag2_pm_vis_bi_logit
• lag_eam_vis_bi_logit - lag_eam_vis_bi_logit
• lag2_eam_vis_bi_logit - lag2_eam_vis_bi_logit

f11035584 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Z/gCBy1g9OfpnTxZ8F67wQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5382.0; StDev 263.4071476357613; Min. 2.0; Mean 467.88442958008244; Max. 990.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:pdX5zUuOWxzLGvkm86Pd5w==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1992.0; Max. 2019.0; Valid 5382.0; StDev 8.081718259006001; Mean 2005.554440728354

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:SgtAXenJYRTAGf3L5bgUng==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5382.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.20516914468263472; Mean 0.04199182460051963; Max. 2.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:cZEi9a/nQlMtjfCroIApVA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Mean 0.04087699739873756; Valid 5382.0; StDev 0.19802362106941818; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:5mp2yyohohgoJ75tLXA4YQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.6511066658785737; Valid 5382.0; Max. 13.0; Mean 0.12021553325901004; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:au1N6evux1N07GQA9YeEDw==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 3.0; StDev 0.2701516637037214; Valid 5382.0; Mean 0.06577480490524024; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:iHt8Ka+ejwBxf5Be+daM+A==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.23684670221742563; Valid 5382.0; Mean 0.059643255295430325; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9QHbZzEBKtkxiZ84ErjEXQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.8272600484447048; Mean 0.18004459308807264; Min. 0.0; Valid 5382.0; Max. 13.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:by6FIpa+EbhqcBRMUqe34g==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.02211073950204425; Valid 5382.0; StDev 0.1470573795698236; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rqs18e2EFRXh59n8jygZmg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.016164994425863884; Valid 5382.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.12612154021991392; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gORoqDuA3oduyVmSBRGJVg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 16.55438803886926; Valid 5377.0; Max. 27.468346; StDev 8.091614123841635; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LqlkbDjH30gw4QBu4AYWlA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 5375.0; Mean 0.8788174057674409; StDev 3.856216915391226; Max. 22.072119;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:CTv8BQWFyaS3K6M95hyOZQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.16934690908896802; Valid 5058.0; StDev 0.5375083900969506; Max. 7.6166668

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:uT6JU/rmUN95DB+379yGpA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5377.0; Max. 12.186189; Min. 0.0; StDev 3.0533325752541267; Mean 7.444919361521293

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:kSQ5UUpk/ANG7j5bZ/LrQw==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 8.653212273944602; Min. 0.0; StDev 10.170936670157104; Valid 5377.0; Max. 26.434521;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:yBTGssRfbdf+DewA1QMVHQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.8498572397387859; Max. 4.7553129; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.7608616022274581; Valid 5172.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KvXGeGZKk2CERyv2Xk0lpA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.036417688591601605; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.1873445006123468; Min. 0.0; Valid 5382.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fIfK74IiuX6dstn4T+Vc0g==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.057227796358231164; Valid 5382.0; StDev 0.23229895009559376; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:jrEb/3iwZFh6xFuIc4IKnA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.474692502588912; Mean 0.6571906354515051; Valid 5382.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:mktZmcwpYLvjg8sReE1xOA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.7766666; Mean 1.8774465161800256; Valid 5377.0; StDev 0.04334952084339555; Max. 1.9266667;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:qhD9ZthRGSZQidEzdj5vaA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.109391125; Valid 5382.0; Mean 2.451655597536049; StDev 1.0625726631410162; Max. 4.623415392;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Y/zjeQeTV7XCt/VfjSd8EA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.2578525306164476; Min. 3.6109178; Mean 5.959308006360417; Valid 5377.0; Max. 7.4442487;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Qcc5rkOTrguOFWF4iHwo1g==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.43278439226051135; Mean 0.24953548866592465; Valid 5382.0; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0tyRQZdq1f13KM1tHSAdEA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 15.03; Mean 4.26809559231914; Min. 0.0; StDev 4.415712646925492; Valid 5377.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:AncBwOwx5jrEr6JsXu4XBg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4486.0; Max. 10.0; Mean 3.2601426660722637; Min. -10.0; StDev 6.563393185104338

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:jyD95LgW+qjUCVxxnan+6A==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 2.3238201828017178; StDev 1.2306599493536865; Valid 5361.0; Max. 5.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:wOOeFpeSCP/dTotv9TCZoQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.13571111788516835; Max. 1.0; Valid 5382.0; Mean 0.018766257896692642;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:60W/wJR4WhXrUJaPt2+z6Q==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 7.8103051621746085; Valid 5376.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 4.818977424107141; Max. 21.887041

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:NG6nh5HrnVxYhoHeDj7Emg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.2878112225938315; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.4527847339259501; Valid 5382.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rU21MY69VmM+k2YUFFYPag==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.26050015771964796; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.07320698625046562; Valid 5382.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gvhxd7t6Xve1HF4gwNsHGg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 5.1961341; Valid 5172.0; Mean 2.8439586939767985; StDev 0.895927734483621; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dggS6q4m3ThQhf23rAcFWQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 20.783421; Mean 0.8673257104333236; Valid 5377.0; StDev 3.7754751541675637; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:4zqc3V6ZSvy7reZiHsnWBw==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 5382.0; StDev 0.2112786485398207; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.04682274247491652;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:EZN2L8WrIm1w7HiYrWDl4w==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.058156819026386704; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.23406149339033813; Min. 0.0; Valid 5382.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:mrwNgUW+mzjvMJYRLJ2gYQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 3.222487; Valid 5141.0; StDev 0.5524858122639921; Mean 0.8784556241328533; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sn68aiukJbF0VNgk+h68nQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.06800290800006527; Mean 0.004645113340765631; Valid 5382.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dUH8f83rffTAg9BFlfpcNQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5382.0; Max. 20.45000076; StDev 4.495448388330615; Mean 1.2922631001319334; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:NK+7JKB9ts+ClbDaFuyilA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.7900575030886741; Max. 4.6439252; Mean 0.8918069185326595; Min. 1.14E-4; Valid 5144.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PfYmkrGUI5kqXuH/ffq+8g==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.14176885916017257; StDev 0.34884532511554356; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 5382.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HTgLdJ6NCXROKDYeCU4C3g==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.03623188405797224; Valid 5382.0; StDev 0.1868839853354492; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Csbjg9YxKfQHYNvhfy+z+w==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; StDev 0.18315139735983083; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.034745447788926256; Valid 5382.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:QKk+Vjjz2o5J62YQZOC8JA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4095482490710666; Valid 5382.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.21311780007432782

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zPM1E/3hAOjHF73o9wTO/g==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.47974423636853253; Mean 0.35897435897435387; Max. 1.0; Valid 5382.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WBLn2Md5jDpK+gPp9fhX9A==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Mean 0.2151616499442786; Valid 5382.0; StDev 0.4109726224992219; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WNPC/psIHXIE5t67deuw2Q==

f11035584 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:eTYsuJ6dAANJBMcbVkaVcg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.2127461910070397; Valid 5382.0; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.40928764276592616;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:NGHrIMVLF0vBidrPuqDXMg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5382.0; StDev 0.4109726224992219; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.2151616499442786; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WNPC/psIHXIE5t67deuw2Q==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.2112786485398201; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.04682274247491627; Min. 0.0; Valid 5382.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Tsb5Sxk3DHVSz/pPFBMyJQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; StDev 0.35741396611638865; Valid 5382.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.15031586770717195

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:haE1HD2Ufeed2i6n6wiHAg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5382.0; Mean 0.13006317354143423; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.3364041788010135; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:t5+psJ3ZBWx5JIjRch6ViQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Mean 0.031215161649944267; StDev 0.17391490807425236; Min. 0.0; Valid 5382.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:P2cNAeMcIRdFJ+4SP0o0bg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.23229895009559376; Mean 0.057227796358231185; Valid 5382.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:JDHyJERsFM1dhTMj2sZcNw==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5382.0; StDev 0.2511381424033361; Mean 0.06763285024154575; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:4TMw+PpNt6myOV8iDTbS7g==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.08324043106651821; Valid 5382.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.276270960024657;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:k/5iriDpSHtcmP/xiSbNwA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5382.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.1997382936139235; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.04162021553325912

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:229DqlVv0845HUw01EqPaA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; StDev 0.14276145849891003; Valid 5382.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.02081010776662956

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:QQu2PnS/bcZt0FxGg8Xu2g==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5382.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.37254633622042016; Mean 0.1664808621330367;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:NIz3xcWK2tQIhIXB3cyQfw==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.015607580824972106; Max. 1.0; Valid 5382.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.12396305689279839

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:weYeJSVqazG5m3rjRDIcwA==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.259890236056084; Mean 0.07283537718320322; Valid 5382.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Aa2+NXEXJ6yY15//WsqW6g==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 5382.0; Mean 0.052025269416573684; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.22209864044769526; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:UzcpZis3H+lOVWsdmGkXxQ==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.06410256410256426; Valid 5382.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.24495831175940683;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zDiVre924gaHPs0yyaPVIg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.18788769766005228; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.03663753022131311; Valid 5377.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:lDMG3sx2cYLwpYn86MQJNg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.03425167535368548; StDev 0.18189188220359614; Valid 5372.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:wdfmsQhE8zbXtASruL0Ujg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.052445601636601356; Valid 5377.0; StDev 0.22294462177509558; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:q4oZU0M3lt3C0vvCjXhEdg==

f11035584 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 5372.0; Mean 0.05119136262099805; StDev 0.2204083713768803; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:kJQoxf55TALC0sbhFQ1bvg==

Label:

Article Replication Code for Non-Resident Prime Ministers (Final Submission).do

application/x-stata-syntax

Label:

Figure 1 and Appendix Figure A1-1_Annual Volume of Overseas Travel.xlsx

application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Label:

Figure 2 and Appendix Figure A1-2_Bilateral Visits.xlsx

application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Label:

Non Resident PM Variables.xlsx

application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Label:

Non-Resident PM Stata Log File.pdf

application/pdf

Label:

Table 1_ Bilateral Visits of Indian Prime Ministers.xlsx

application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Label:

Table 2 and Appendix Table A1-1_Most Visited Regions.xlsx

application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet