Replication Data for: The Expressive Value of Answering Survey Questions (doi:10.7910/DVN/XZDTFI)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
Entire Codebook

Document Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: The Expressive Value of Answering Survey Questions

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/XZDTFI

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Date of Distribution:

2020-08-13

Version:

1

Bibliographic Citation:

Graham, Matthew, 2020, "Replication Data for: The Expressive Value of Answering Survey Questions", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/XZDTFI, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:bXJ8Rr6SHvXiedkfQow8sA== [fileUNF]

Study Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: The Expressive Value of Answering Survey Questions

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/XZDTFI

Authoring Entity:

Graham, Matthew (Yale)

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Access Authority:

Graham, Matthew

Depositor:

Graham, Matthew

Date of Deposit:

2020-08-13

Holdings Information:

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/XZDTFI

Study Scope

Keywords:

Social Sciences

Abstract:

These files reproduce all analysis in Graham & Huber, "The Expressive Value of Answering Survey Questions." For a description of the contents, see readme.txt.

Methodology and Processing

Sources Statement

Data Access

Notes:

<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">CC BY 4.0</a>

Other Study Description Materials

Related Publications

Citation

Title:

Graham, Matthew H. and Gregory A. Huber. “The Expressive Value of Answering Survey Questions.” Forthcoming in The Politics of Truth in a Polarized Era, edited by David C. Barker and Elizabeth Suhay, Oxford University Press.

Bibliographic Citation:

Graham, Matthew H. and Gregory A. Huber. “The Expressive Value of Answering Survey Questions.” Forthcoming in The Politics of Truth in a Polarized Era, edited by David C. Barker and Elizabeth Suhay, Oxford University Press.

File Description--f4022969

File: data.tab

  • Number of cases: 3813

  • No. of variables per record: 105

  • Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:bXJ8Rr6SHvXiedkfQow8sA==

Cleaned data.

Variable Description

List of Variables:

Variables

id

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1121.0471790026006; Min. 1.0; Mean 1917.4820351429908; Valid 3813.0; Max. 4395.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:D3JAOFdGajG0mObAFmI0Cw==

z

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:iw2dN6b+VSgFpiyWmATHfw==

Z

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:/qITqcuWkQAWt6zr0/7o7A==

z_3

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:YsLjOaxlWL4liOpP62dLEg==

Z_3

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:uWqioHtpausIcQvnEekEpw==

audience_natlPoll

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3813.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.5000641850778171; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.4988198269079465;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:lFEDojvIlfnlrqq2uZPYwA==

answerMore

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.47954844351703935; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.6417519013899823; Valid 3813.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0oHIsQrHD7SQdewz9dk08Q==

quit_at_DV

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 3813.0; Mean 0.005507474429583106; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.07401742342770302

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:m8wJUxbbsxcHP3VfxRdMDg==

teaser_full_text

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:s3hjO9swD4NErWFHHTteMQ==

age

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 18.0; Mean 44.97272488853919; StDev 16.7334761598898; Max. 94.0; Valid 3813.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dlP9ZNWzymwRutvKSbblLw==

Age

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:ubNsoiFMWw3/lYLGFoVBpA==

educ

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:olk+UWhITZzd0zSdokBXcA==

education

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:qFKDqjbBrlOn3FjzDyQk6Q==

Education

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:NQcpYcs5yjHwiP9Aff7VCw==

ethnicity

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:80mBtOqP2o8sMYLXNw5LOw==

favorability_obama

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:jICCVPz3GauKResgqg45bQ==

favorability_obama_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.6066176470588235; StDev 0.3730564190302602; Valid 3808.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ybvWq40TjFFnkC6EFo3brA==

favorability_trump

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:4mBSNuorpP2eztPYIjXRbA==

favorability_trump_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3798.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.3929423802533909; Mean 0.3784447955064069

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:auegew7oG/s7YRmMkLEGuw==

gender

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:beivwCky8o3Cs3lT8XvynA==

Gender

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:beivwCky8o3Cs3lT8XvynA==

hhi

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:odDJpaaICocrBhQ9oHqmuA==

hispanic

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:XWnApkpyHKUJ3gjCU3qyEA==

Income

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:FJQJ6FrWyeXKyUD7raz38g==

interest

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:rV3IHiRp8ALsc7mkE8vA4w==

Interest

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:sXnWJANElaNl7BoobY4Hhg==

interest_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3813.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.30161747546847706; Mean 0.6740973861351516; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:aqaeq7P+I0GQOhckJVWnZQ==

Obama favor.

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -2.0; Mean 0.4734768907563027; StDev 1.5598826313137246; Valid 3808.0; Max. 2.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:6CNZhD44IjNttrk/GsBzJw==

Obama favorability

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.5598826313137246; Max. 2.0; Min. -2.0; Valid 3808.0; Mean 0.4734768907563027

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:6CNZhD44IjNttrk/GsBzJw==

Party

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:hkhJuZEQ9ujPz3ipBJ3ANg==

Party's policies

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:vtuBe+cRGtYx2KFKAW7AlQ==

Party (7-point)

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 2.2154008017070477; Mean 3.7196433254655137; Max. 7.0; Valid 3813.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:vn/ftnzima5eB5gJiwrWYQ==

Party (folded)

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:vOQDeWcvP53KmtX4xvlfcw==

Party social ID

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:0DKsTvNWb5V4cbTKPINb5A==

PartyLean

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:a/P+M5ryul01dBJvJbBf/Q==

partyPolicy_econ

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:00FXdRnNXL9rPgunET8ZqA==

partyPolicy_econ_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.6734653725078698; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.24161809257147399; Valid 3812.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rVQS3ZxCBSiyfLJ5kZaG5Q==

partyPolicy_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 3810.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.22405037104370323; Mean 0.659055118110236

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GGwU7+6n2cxp2uE3erJnVQ==

partyPolicy_social

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:X8H30RpD1mLdDlyhuJQIfA==

partyPolicy_social_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.2756289873458914; Valid 3811.0; Mean 0.6446470742587249

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:n0aA+ODcBWlkZhQum5v+CQ==

partyScale_1

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.30305866317945823; Valid 3812.0; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.5576469045120667;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KBsIkBP2FunXTpM9VrYDVw==

partyScale_2

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3812.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.2884339700356472; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.667497376705142

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PnFVbsllHbelO95SOw6H6Q==

partyScale_3

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.5893700787401573; StDev 0.2959845419804201; Min. 0.0; Valid 3810.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:AZb/m62p1DoEHbGpVVIL6w==

partyScale_add

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3808.0; Max. 3.0; Mean 1.8144038865546217; StDev 0.8002933936033426; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:qRuHMIHUQ6gKKYbhj7GTPA==

partyScale_standardized

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -2.2671733904802447; Max. 1.481451831193065; Mean -1.8584865206074213E-16; StDev 1.0000000000000029; Valid 3808.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:xN8GLxtmfH+Zv5LnVNfYfQ==

pid_fold

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 3.0; Valid 3813.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 1.9409913453973249; StDev 1.1037144018155263;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sd3kV6JH5LPJLzz0BSOYxg==

pid_lean

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:EFfsP9zT9jUfFsdSXXMM9w==

pid7

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean -0.2803566745344865; Max. 3.0; StDev 2.2154008017070477; Min. -3.0; Valid 3813.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:h3Fg71ThM3CpKbQyDKIuCQ==

pres_fold

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3795.0; StDev 0.3580388853380019; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.636608695652174

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:8ydUwoECrGa36GTf5bYBlQ==

race

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:cMETQuEBOzM/HhFvnunhhA==

Race

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:UoUWnOkEfskHETyzO8Ag/g==

Race/Hisp.

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:LztkZUHM9qIxojyjRciI/A==

region

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:4jphMwL54ah6otY6LItZXg==

Secret cabal

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3811.0; Min. -2.0; Max. 2.0; Mean 0.5418525321437953; StDev 1.081468152616715

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:V+tAfP48Io+D/IpRJqF3Bw==

secretCabal

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:P7qpFbtVuc2RjBr0eRHFoA==

secretCabal_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.27036703815417873; Max. 1.0; Valid 3811.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.6354631330359488

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:BHkFOTDAN9WzWBnoKJ/Q7A==

Trump favor.

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 2.0; StDev 1.6394962168208669; Min. -2.0; Valid 3798.0; Mean -0.47024749868351745

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:I9A6veYIq5vRWxjWPFsJQA==

Trump favorability

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -2.0; StDev 1.6394962168208669; Valid 3798.0; Mean -0.47024749868351745; Max. 2.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:I9A6veYIq5vRWxjWPFsJQA==

vote18

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:htJf+GGHPh+hKQeGssnhQQ==

vote18_binary

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.6032037815126053; StDev 0.4892973025068716; Max. 1.0; Valid 3808.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:j8kEe76+iT8zjFY2gNDjIQ==

Voted 2018

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:1P/VwUWWkUn5dpECc5+21Q==

last

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:w+SjmVahER2FByu3TJtYWg==

last_Q

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:hZCSowomqQgA6repBRyv1A==

last_ans

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:f8gHdzrZ5J+AFCchWzZmzg==

last_ans_N

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.4383554796877723; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 3785.0; Mean 0.41730515191545575;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:78T7lkXqON2SU7gE1xHOag==

last_bush911

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Qy9FkDZv1FnOqBKL0MukWw==

last_obamaMuslim

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:9ZKRQUD+WzXfnb8woFAl+g==

last_obamaSpied

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:S1kIFTEDhjKUDzQ3uMU8cA==

last_trumpRussia

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:y3kDUqN03bMplnRLrYQZDQ==

last_bush911_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 774.0; StDev 0.43442385888940066; Mean 0.3914728682170543; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GQppYtHOi2qjCMD2aFiD+A==

last_obamaMuslim_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 953.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.3546694648478489; StDev 0.43557857890954493;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Kc6ZL+KSJl/vxJvIwQZu7w==

last_obamaSpied_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 945.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.34761904761904766; StDev 0.4072400164432979;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:VYBTjeU/1BcjMnuTSXU1Yw==

last_trumpRussia_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4409138103290354; Valid 1113.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.5480682839173406

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:IowS5GzGAsofdeU45l+lcQ==

optional_bush911

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:7VupF1rXObc1KGrSCMoKdQ==

optional_trumpRussia

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:tHzfO441rzOcRZhkbFq3CQ==

optional_obamaMuslim

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:LHkqNaJ0+YeBzeoRDhF1Rg==

optional_obamaSpied

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:nbgSFbUzHR2JMDbCIFBoIQ==

optional_bush911_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.36454652532391035; Max. 1.0; Valid 1698.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.43278006680691555

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:I3IATX6IyOf6bFgf8sj9Iw==

optional_trumpRussia_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.530072703238599; Max. 1.0; Valid 1513.0; StDev 0.4475696363325226; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:G1ZGO4YT3uyPhp2+O5kk9A==

optional_obamaMuslim_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 1599.0; StDev 0.4391004648306056; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.3746091307066919; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Vsrzk5SEa15gKR7yg2MSkA==

optional_obamaSpied_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.42278304583041343; Mean 0.35171339563862913; Valid 1605.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:N1jkemHb5Pbw3jxiKWLpsw==

combined_bush911

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:DJbzC/KSCGMMYSyq7YvZrQ==

combined_trumpRussia

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:zkj2vLWo2V6rJqc7Pw94Cg==

combined_obamaMuslim

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:02AIPlMOR/8Xkq0u7snvow==

combined_obamaSpied

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:oFwJp8ZB81jVRM3Yr6eLCA==

combined_bush911_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4333874957373722; Valid 2472.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.37297734627831736;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Mz7seIcaYblRj4pWaNTUQA==

combined_trumpRussia_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.5376999238385374; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 2626.0; StDev 0.4447654095577215;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dK6f0hejdKV8h2EwGwcJFA==

combined_obamaMuslim_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.36716300940438873; Max. 1.0; Valid 2552.0; StDev 0.43780942361998954; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:TZsfRfmECyCbElPNXPoXFQ==

combined_obamaSpied_num

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.3501960784313726; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 2550.0; StDev 0.4170149776086396

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:L+6OByWFNWBfNIhjUQ55DQ==

pres_approve

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:yU/mZa0anZmQvUQsqztgOA==

gsa

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:vRTZ7F8m4KTGv0honm+9KQ==

carriedHard

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:QFMNXD0iRgix7XKpyeJd7g==

carriedEasy

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:Npd7Sid/r6t9Bz59wYscpA==

debrief_open

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Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:NjGIpJgwmwknZtrAu4eq+Q==

debrief_multi

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:xhhF3uACMwTYfkIGm8VFhQ==

debrief_multi_8_TEXT

f4022969 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:bJt6SXRLbpdoJk6oNUqssg==

whyMore_helpful

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3813.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.41289961966324645; Mean 0.21793863099921296; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:U3vNUIUz4DfKvGRXm2NNtg==

whyMore_likeSurveys

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 3813.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.23577235772357727; StDev 0.4245362417607554

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:RRj3I1TEIlCLqxro9d040Q==

whyMore_curious

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.4091266719118803; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.49173718011432815; Min. 0.0; Valid 3813.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rEktAHJuaEyRomPSkWZ7Pw==

whyMore_standUpForBeliefs

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.16784683975872006; Valid 3813.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.37377923808486524; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:7rLf49aVms0SVw3sEzwf0A==

whyMore_wantOthersKnow

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.3263610735679468; Max. 1.0; Valid 3813.0; Mean 0.12116443745082617;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YERgwsAtbyVqeqW+1TogIg==

whyMore_likedTeaser

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.21243115656963033; Valid 3813.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4090819589061168; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:JIimU1j2BoR9QEcB0Y6kCQ==

whyMore_bored

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3813.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.05533700498295304; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.22866686268314348;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:8jP1tQKk/W17QjNb3ZyxyQ==

whyMore_expectPay

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 3813.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.21793863099921296; StDev 0.41289961966324645; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:U3vNUIUz4DfKvGRXm2NNtg==

whyMore_other

f4022969 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.12136413671195194; Min. 0.0; Valid 3813.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.014948859166010837;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:TjDohDgjTBeS1D4ZmnpTGg==

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

analysis.R

Text:

Performs all analysis.

Notes:

type/x-r-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

data_description.txt

Text:

Describes all variables in data.csv.

Notes:

text/plain

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

full_survey_text.pdf

Text:

Full survey text.

Notes:

application/pdf

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

readme.txt

Text:

Describes software needs and the purpose of the other files.

Notes:

text/plain