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Description
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The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) was designed to understand how families, schools, and neighborhoods affect child and adolescent development, with a special focus on the causes and the pathways of juvenile delinquency, adult crime, substance abuse, and violence. Long-term objectives were to create knowledge that would inform violence prevention strategies and help develop better approaches to the promotion of social competence in children from infancy to young adulthood.
The Project combined two studies into one comprehensive design. The first study was an intensive study of Chicago's neighborhoods including their social, economic, organizational, political, and cultural structures, and the changes that take place within these structures. This was achieved through data collection efforts at the community level, including a community survey of Chicago residents, interviews with neighborhood experts, systematic videotaped observations of city blocks, and analyses of school, police, court and other agency records. The second study used a longitudinal cohort study of seven randomly selected cohorts of children, adolescents, and young adults to look at the changing circumstances of their lives and the personal characteristics that may lead them towards or away from a variety of antisocial behaviors.
PHDCN is organized as five components: 1) Longitudinal study with an embedded intensive study of infants; 2) Community survey; 3) an Observational study of neighborhoods; 4) a Neighborhood expert survey; and 5) Administrative data. Neighborhoods were operationally defined as 343 clusters of city blocks from Chicago's 847 populated census tracts.
The purpose of the Infant Assessment Unit wave of data collection was to include the youngest Project cohort by examining the "effects of prenatal and early postnatal risk conditions on health and cognitive functioning in the first year of life," and to "establish links between early developmental processes and the onset of antisocial behavior in the preschool period or in the earliest years of regular school and to measures the strength of this developmental pathway." Infants received an additional assessment at 6 months. Measures assessed visual recognition and memory, physical health and birth complications, temperament, and family environment. Videotaped records were used to record the response of the infant to different types of stimulation, as well as to capture interactions between the parent and infant to determine empathic responsiveness of the parent, encouragement and guidance, and overall psychopathology.
The Murray Archive holds additional analogue materials for this study (videotape data). If you would like to access this material, please apply to use the data.
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Related Publication
| Publications Based on the Community-level Data
Morenoff, J., Sampson, R.J. and Raudenbush, S.W. (2001). Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence. Criminology, 39(37), 517-560.
Morenoff, J. and Sampson, R.J. (1997). Violent crime and the spatial dynamics of neighborhood transition: Chicago, 1970-1990. Social Forces, 76, 31-64.
Sampson, R.J., Raudenbush, S.W., and Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924.
Sampson, R.J. and Bartusch, D.J. (1998). Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial differences. Law and Society Review, 32, 777-804.
Sampson, R.J., Raudenbush, S.W., and Earls, F. (1998, March). Neighborhood cohesion - does it help reduce violence? National Institute of Justice Research Preview, Washington, DC. Abstracted with permission from Sampson, R.J., Raudenbush, S.W. and Earls, F. Neighborhoods and violent crime - A multilevel study of collective efficacy, Science, 277, (1-7).
Sampson, R.J., Morenoff, J., and Earls, F. (1999). Beyond social capital: Spatial dynamics of collective efficacy for children. American Sociological Review, 64, 633-660.
Sampson, R.J. and Raudenbush, S.W. (1999). Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology, 105(3), 603-651.
Sampson, R.J. (2000). A neighborhood-level perspective on social change and the social control of adolescent delinquency. In L. Crockett and R. Silbereisen (Eds.), Negotiating Adolescence in Times of Social Change, [pp. 178-190]. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sampson, R.J. (2001). How do communities undergird or undermine human development? Relevant contexts and social mechanisms. In A. Booth and N. Crouter (Eds.), Does It Take a Village? Community Effects on Children, Adolescents, and Families [pp. 3-30]. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum
Sampson, Robert J. and Stephen Raudenbush. 2001. Disorder in urban neighborhoods. Does it lead to crime? Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/186049.htm
Methodological Publications Based on the Community-level Data
Earls, F. and Buka, S. (2000). Measurement of community characteristics. In S. Meisels and J. Shonkoff (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention . 2nd Edition, [pp. 309-324].
Raudenbush, S.W. and Sampson, R.J. (1999). Assessing direct and indirect effects in multilevel designs with latent variables. Sociological Methods and Research, 28, 123-153.
Raudenbush, S.W. and Sampson, R.J. (1999). Ecometrics: toward a science of assessing ecological settings, with application to the systematic social observation of neighborhoods. Sociological Methodology, 29,1-41.
Raudenbush, S.W. (In press). The quantitative assessment of neighborhood social environments. To appear in Kawachi, I and Berkman, L. (Eds.), Neighborhoods and Health. Oxford University Press. 1951
General Publications
Barnes-McGuire, J.; and Earls, F. (1995). Coercive family process and delinquency: Some methodological consideration. In: J. McCord (Ed.), Coercion and Punishment in Long-Term Perspectives, (pp. 348-361). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bates, S., with Holton, J., and Selner-O’Hagan, M. B. (1998). A brief history of the Project. The Chicago Project News, 4(3).
Cervantes, A. (1996). Latinos in the U.S. and Chicago: The history, demographics, and prospects of a growing population. The Chicago Project News, 2(3).
Raudenbush, S. W. (1998). The role of statistical modeling in the project. The Chicago Project News, 4(1).
Stone, L., and Payne, C. (1996). The translation process: Expanding the utility and validity of the Project protocol. The Chicago Project News, 2 (2).
Publications Based on the Longitudinal Data on Young People and Their Families
Buka, S.L., Brennan, R.T., Rich-Edwards, J.W., Raudenbush, S.W., and Earls. F. J. (in press). Neighborhood support and the birth weight of urban infants. American Journal of Epidemiology.
Obeidallah, D.A., Brennan, R., Brooks-Gunn, J., Kindlon, D., and Earls, F. E. (2000). Socioeconomic status, race, and girls’ pubertal maturation: Results from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10:333-464.
Reardon, S.F., Brennan, R., and Buka, S.L. (in press). Estimating multi-level discrete-time hazard models using cross-sectional data: Neighborhood effects on the onset of adolescent cigarette use. Multivariate Behavioral Research.
Reardon, S.F,. and Buka, S.L. (in press). Racial differences in onset and persistence of substance abuse and dependence. Public Health Reports
Rich-Edwards, J.W., Buka, S.L., Brennan, R.T., and Earls, F. J. (in press). Diverging associations of maternal age with low birthweight form black and white mothers. International Journal of Epidemiology.
Methodological Contributions Based on the Longitudinal Data on Young People and Their Families
Cheong, Y.F. and Raudenbush, S.W. (2000). Measurement and structural models for children's problem behaviors. Psychological Methods, 5(4)2477-495.
Kuo, M., Mohler, B., Raudenbush, S.W., and Earls, F. (2000). Assessing exposure to violence using multiple informants: Application of hierarchical linear model. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 1049-1056.
Raudenbush, S.W. (2001). Comparing personal trajectories and drawing causal inferences from longitudinal data. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 501-25.
Selner-O’Hagan, M.B., Kindlon, D.J., Buka, S.L., Raudenbush, S.W. and Earls, F. (1998). Assessing exposure to violence in urban youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 215-224.
Selner-O’Hagan, M.B., Leventhal, T., Brooks-Gunn, J., Bingenheimer, J.B., and Earls, F. J. (2001, submitted). The Homelife interview from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods: Assessment of parenting and home environment for 3 to 15 year olds. Cambridge: Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, Harvard University. Submitted to Child Development. |
