Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, (PEI-11.0)

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Garnett, Holly Ann; James, Toby S.; Caal-Lam, Sofia, 2025, "Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, (PEI-11.0)", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EDY2V0, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:0MPrJMXq9iz3OrFVOtnvHg== [fileUNF]

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Description	This dataset by the Electoral Integrity Project evaluates the quality of elections held around the world. Based on a rolling survey collecting the views of election experts, this research provides independent and reliable evidence to compare whether countries meet international standards of electoral integrity. PEI-11.0 cumulative release covers 643 national parliamentary and presidential contests held worldwide in 170 countries from 1 July 2012 to 7 December 2024. For each contest, approximately 40 election experts receive an electronic invitation to fill the survey. The survey includes assessments from 5,605 election experts, with a 2024 response rate of 10%. The study presents two additive indices, collecting 47 indicators to compare elections for 2012-2022 and 62 indicators for 2023. The 2012-2022 indicators are clustered to evaluate eleven stages in the electoral cycle as well as generating an overall summary Perception of Electoral Integrity (PEI) 100-point index and comparative ranking. Starting in 2023, electoral integrity is measured through the aggregation of four concept indices (Contestation, Participation, Deliberation, and Adjudication). Two files are released in PEI_11.0: an EXPERT-level file (5,605 observations) and an ELECTION-level file (643 observations). Each dataset can be downloaded in STATA and EXCEL formats. (2025-06-11)
Subject	Social Sciences
Keyword	Elections, Electoral Integrity Project, Cross-national elections, elections, politics, free and fair, comparative politics, Voting behavior, Electoral Fraud, Perceptions of Electoral Integrity (PEI)
Related Publication	Is Supplement To: Garnett, Holly Ann, Toby S. James, and Sofia Caal-Lam. 2025. Year in Elections Global Report 2025. The Electoral Integrity Project.https://www.electoralintegrityproject.com/reports
License/Data Use Agreement	CC BY 4.0

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	1 to 5 of 5 Files	Original Format Archival Format (.tab)
	PEI11.0_Codebook.pdf Adobe PDF - 1.0 MB Published Jul 2, 2025 146 Downloads MD5: 32cec0d5592882bbdf44e864a7e0c530 Codebook describing the PEI 11.0 data	Preview "PEI11.0_Codebook.pdf" Access File File Access Public Download Options Adobe PDF Download Metadata Data File Citation Download EndNote XML Download RIS Download BibTeX
	PEI_11 Election External.tab Tabular Data - 791.8 KB Published Jul 2, 2025 88 Downloads 270 Variables, 643 Observations UNF:6:iqxwQiqhk8UQL3VMUecMMw== PEI 11.0 data at the election level, in STATA data format	Preview "PEI_11 Election External.tab" Preview "PEI_11 Election External.tab" Access File File Access Public Download Options Stata 14 Binary (Original File Format) Tab-Delimited RData Download Metadata DDI Codebook v2 Data File Citation Download EndNote XML Download RIS Download BibTeX Explore Options Data Explorer v2
	PEI_11 Election External.xlsx MS Excel Spreadsheet - 827.7 KB Published Jul 2, 2025 90 Downloads MD5: 0d3b57933e70884bca5b2c21f74e44d6 PEI 11.0 data at the election level, in .xlsx format	Access File File Access Public Download Options MS Excel Spreadsheet Download Metadata Data File Citation Download EndNote XML Download RIS Download BibTeX
	PEI_11 Expert External.tab Tabular Data - 3.8 MB Published Jul 2, 2025 75 Downloads 275 Variables, 5605 Observations UNF:6:aDCo6kpHn7X422gPvTWhbQ== PEI 11.0 data at the expert level, in STATA data format	Preview "PEI_11 Expert External.tab" Preview "PEI_11 Expert External.tab" Access File File Access Public Download Options Stata 14 Binary (Original File Format) Tab-Delimited RData Download Metadata DDI Codebook v2 Data File Citation Download EndNote XML Download RIS Download BibTeX Explore Options Data Explorer v2
	PEI_11 Expert External.xlsx MS Excel Spreadsheet - 7.7 MB Published Jul 2, 2025 75 Downloads MD5: 9198b02646985a50ffa688e472387528 PEI 11.0 data at the expert level, in .xlsx format	Access File File Access Public Download Options MS Excel Spreadsheet Download Metadata Data File Citation Download EndNote XML Download RIS Download BibTeX

Citation Metadata

Persistent Identifier	doi:10.7910/DVN/EDY2V0
Publication Date	2025-07-02
Title	Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, (PEI-11.0)
Author	https://ror.org/04yr71909https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2119-4399 https://ror.org/026k5mg93https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5826-5461 https://ror.org/02y72wh86https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1503-1853
Point of Contact	Use email button above to contact. Project, Electoral Integrity (The Electoral Integrity Project)
Description	This dataset by the Electoral Integrity Project evaluates the quality of elections held around the world. Based on a rolling survey collecting the views of election experts, this research provides independent and reliable evidence to compare whether countries meet international standards of electoral integrity. PEI-11.0 cumulative release covers 643 national parliamentary and presidential contests held worldwide in 170 countries from 1 July 2012 to 7 December 2024. For each contest, approximately 40 election experts receive an electronic invitation to fill the survey. The survey includes assessments from 5,605 election experts, with a 2024 response rate of 10%. The study presents two additive indices, collecting 47 indicators to compare elections for 2012-2022 and 62 indicators for 2023. The 2012-2022 indicators are clustered to evaluate eleven stages in the electoral cycle as well as generating an overall summary Perception of Electoral Integrity (PEI) 100-point index and comparative ranking. Starting in 2023, electoral integrity is measured through the aggregation of four concept indices (Contestation, Participation, Deliberation, and Adjudication). Two files are released in PEI_11.0: an EXPERT-level file (5,605 observations) and an ELECTION-level file (643 observations). Each dataset can be downloaded in STATA and EXCEL formats. (2025-06-11)
Subject	Social Sciences
Keyword	Elections Electoral Integrity Project Cross-national elections elections politics free and fair comparative politics Voting behavior Electoral Fraud Perceptions of Electoral Integrity (PEI)
Topic Classification	Elections
Related Publication	Is Supplement To: Garnett, Holly Ann, Toby S. James, and Sofia Caal-Lam. 2025. Year in Elections Global Report 2025. The Electoral Integrity Project. https://www.electoralintegrityproject.com/reports
Language	English
Producer	Electoral Integrity Project (Royal Military College of Canada, University of East Anglia) (EIP) https://www.electoralintegrityproject.com/
Production Date	2025
Production Location	Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Norwich, United Kingdom
Contributor	Project Manager: Caal-Lam, Sofia
Funding Information	https://ror.org/04j5jqy92: 890-2020-0006
Distributor	Electoral Integrity Project (Royal Military College of Canada, University of East Anglia) (EIP) https://www.electoralintegrityproject.com/
Depositor	Project, Electoral Integrity
Deposit Date	2025-06-12
Time Period	Start Date: 2012-07-01; End Date: 2024-12-31
Date of Collection	Start Date: 2012-07-01; End Date: 2025-03
Data Type	survey data
Series	Perceptions of Electoral Integrity Index: The pilot study (PEI_1), first released in May 2013, covered 20 elections held from 1 July 2012 to 31 December 2012. The second release (PEI_2) was made publicly available in February 2014 and included all national elections held from 1 January to 31 December 2013. The midyear release (PEI_2.5) in August included all these earlier cases and expanded the comparison by adding elections occurring from 1 January 2014 to June 30, 2014. The third release of the dataset (PEI_3) included 2012 and 2013 cases and expanded the comparison by including all national elections held from January 1st to December 31st, 2014. In total PEI_3 included expert evaluations of 127 elections held in 107 countries. PEI_3.5 included the responses for 1,696 experts for 153 elections in 125 countries. PEI_4.0 gathered the opinion of 2,080 experts for 180 elections in 139 countries, which were updated in the mid-year release PEI_4.5 to 2,417 experts for 213 elections in 153 countries. PEI_5.0, released May 2017, included the assessment of 2,709 individual expert evaluations of 241 elections in 158 countries up until the end of 2016. The mid-year update, PEI_5.5, included 2,961 experts, 260 national elections, and 161 countries, covering until 30 June 2017. PEI_6.0, released in March 2018, included 3,253 experts, evaluating 285 national elections in 164 countries covering until 1 January 2018. The mid-year update, PEI_6.5, included 3,524 experts, 310 national elections, and 165 countries, covering until 30 June 2018. PEI_7.0, covered 3,821 experts evaluating 336 national elections in 166 countries, from 1 July 2012 to 31 December 2018. PEI_8.0, covered 4,590 experts evaluating 479 national elections in 169 countries, covering until December 31st, 2021. The mid-year update PEI_8.5 included 4,722 experts evaluating 497 elections in 169 countries covering until December 31st, 2021. PEI_9.0 included 4,980 experts evaluating 546 elections in 170 countries covering until December 14th, 2022. PEI_10.0 included 5,230 experts evaluating 588 elections in 170 countries covering until December 20th, 2023. The present data release adds to these results 375 expert evaluations of 57 national elections in 54 countries, from January 7, 2024, to December 7, 2024.
Software	STATA, Version: 17

Social Science and Humanities Metadata

Unit of Analysis	Expert survey - PEI asks experts to evaluate elections using 49 indicators, grouped into eleven categories reflecting the whole electoral cycle. Starting in 2023 - PEI asks experts to evaluate elections using 62 indicators, grouped into four concept-based indices.
Universe	Experts - an expert is defined in this survey as a political scientist (or social scientist in a related discipline such as law, sociology, economics, anthropology, mathematics, or statistics) who has published on (or who has other demonstrated knowledge of) the electoral process in a particular country. Specifically, demonstrated knowledge is defined by the following criteria: (1) membership of a relevant research group, professional network, or organized section of such a group; (2) existing publications on electoral or other country-specific topics in books, academic journals, or conference papers; and/or (3) employment at a university or college as a teacher. Around forty experts per country were contacted for each election, including both domestic and international experts. The domestic/international distinction was made based on institutional affiliation, citizenship, and country of residence.
Time Method	Respondents are contacted approximately one month after the date of a national election in their country of expertise. In the case of elections with several rounds (e.g. presidential elections with a run-off round), experts are contacted one month after the final round of the election. Three reminders are sent, each a month apart. Respondents completed the online questionnaire lasting approximately 15 minutes.
Collection Mode	Email
Cleaning Operations	Multiple imputation is no longer used in release PEI 11 to fill missing data. Instead, mean substitution is used at the expert level. All indices now are available with original data (with more missing variables due to lack of observations) or with mean substitution.
Response Rate	The 2024 elections had a 10% response rate.

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