Replication Data for Manuscript FPA-24-Apr-0074.R2: Introducing The Human Intelligence Exposures (HEX) Dataset

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Flowers, Mark, 2025, "Replication Data for Manuscript FPA-24-Apr-0074.R2: Introducing The Human Intelligence Exposures (HEX) Dataset", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/GZPO3E, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:h1qBrRlESa4OOObjD5vjSQ== [fileUNF]
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Description
These data provide replication materials for the article "Introducing The Human Intelligence Exposures (HEX) Dataset" (Manuscript ID: FPA-24-Apr-0074.R2), accepted for publication at Foreign Policy Analysis. The Human Intelligence Exposure (HEX) dataset provides systematically collected data on publicly reported espionage exposures involving human intelligence (HUMINT) operations, spanning the years 1946 through 2010. HEX includes 483 observations across 47 unique dyads involving 48 states, specifically focusing on exposures by or against the United States. Collected from nearly 5000 open-source articles, HEX quantifies espionage exposures involving both U.S. agents and foreign agents acting against the U.S. and provides the first publicly available dataset of its kind for further research. Each exposure in the dataset includes detailed information such as accused agents' primary motivations categorized by the acronym MICE: Money, Ideology, Coercion, Ego, or official state agent affiliation. The dataset also records the profession of accused of alleged agents, spanning military personnel, intelligence and police officials, diplomats, journalists, academics, businesspeople, engineers, aid workers, and clergy. HEX tracks judicial outcomes including convictions, fines, minimum and maximum sentencing, life imprisonment (82 cases), and death sentences (229 cases). Additionally, it includes non-judicial outcomes such as defections, expulsions, and agent trades. HEX provides a publicly available empirical foundation for research on how human espionage exposures shape international security, strategic decision-making, diplomatic relations, and domestic and international audience reactions. Scholars, policymakers, and practitioners can leverage HEX to analyze patterns in espionage, evaluate counterintelligence effectiveness, and explore espionage-related strategic behavior over time. Future dataset expansions will broaden coverage globally, enabling deeper investigation into global intelligence dynamics and contributing further to espionage studies, security policy analysis, and interdisciplinary applications. (2025-03-07)
Subject Social Sciences
Keyword espionage, HUMINT, intelligence, international security, international relations
Related Publication Is Supplement To: Flowers, Mark J. (2025). Introducing The Human Intelligence Exposures (HEX) Dataset. Foreign Policy Analysis. [Accepted for publication, forthcoming].
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Exposure Dataset V1_0.csv
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exposures_descriptive_FPA.tab
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99 Variables, 483 Observations UNF:6:Z6llX1bvO3vziRo59iMn9Q==
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exposures_descriptive_FPA2.tab
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Published May 26, 2025
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99 Variables, 483 Observations UNF:6:Z6llX1bvO3vziRo59iMn9Q==
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FPA Dataprep DoFile_1.do
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