Replication Data for: Speaking Their Language?: Multilingualism in Party Communication across Democracies

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Muraoka, Taishi; Kim, Dahjin; Lucas, Christopher; Montgomery, Jacob; Tavits, Margit, 2025, "Replication Data for: Speaking Their Language?: Multilingualism in Party Communication across Democracies", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/K3WTHS, Harvard Dataverse, V1

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Description	Which parties embrace multilingualism in their communication? Despite growing interest in parties’ multilingualism among normative scholars of deliberative democracy, empirical research has largely overlooked the linguistic aspect of party competition. We leverage large-scale data on Facebook posts by more than 800 parties in 87 democracies and analyze their day-to-day language practices. By so doing, we develop, for the first time, the classification of monolingual and multilingual parties around the world. Moreover, using this novel dataset, we explore what factors are associated with parties’ adoption of multilingualism and how multilingual parties predict the language use of candidates they nominate. Overall, this study provides the most comprehensive picture of parties’ multilingualism in contemporary democracies and sets agendas for future research in the intersection of parties and language representation.
Subject	Social Sciences
Keyword	Language, Multilingualism, Political Party, Social Media
Notes	This dataset underwent an independent verification process, complying with the AJPS Verification Policy updated June 2023, which replicated the tables and figures in the primary article. For the supplementary materials, verification was performed solely for the successful execution of the code. The verification process was carried out by the Cornell Center for Social Sciences at Cornell University. The associated article has been awarded the Open Materials Badge. Learn more about the Open Practice Badges from the Center for Open Science. Open Materials Badge
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Citation Metadata

Persistent Identifier	doi:10.7910/DVN/K3WTHS
Publication Date	2025-03-26
Title	Replication Data for: Speaking Their Language?: Multilingualism in Party Communication across Democracies
Author	Academia Sinica0000-0003-0304-4677 Kim, DahjinWashington University in St. Louis Lucas, ChristopherWashington University in St. Louis Montgomery, JacobWashington University in St. Louis Tavits, MargitWashington University in St. Louis
Point of Contact	Use email button above to contact. Taishi Muraoka (Academia Sinica)
Description	Which parties embrace multilingualism in their communication? Despite growing interest in parties’ multilingualism among normative scholars of deliberative democracy, empirical research has largely overlooked the linguistic aspect of party competition. We leverage large-scale data on Facebook posts by more than 800 parties in 87 democracies and analyze their day-to-day language practices. By so doing, we develop, for the first time, the classification of monolingual and multilingual parties around the world. Moreover, using this novel dataset, we explore what factors are associated with parties’ adoption of multilingualism and how multilingual parties predict the language use of candidates they nominate. Overall, this study provides the most comprehensive picture of parties’ multilingualism in contemporary democracies and sets agendas for future research in the intersection of parties and language representation.
Subject	Social Sciences
Keyword	Language, Multilingualism, Political Party, Social Media
Notes	This dataset underwent an independent verification process, complying with the AJPS Verification Policy updated June 2023, which replicated the tables and figures in the primary article. For the supplementary materials, verification was performed solely for the successful execution of the code. The verification process was carried out by the Cornell Center for Social Sciences at Cornell University. The associated article has been awarded the Open Materials Badge. Learn more about the Open Practice Badges from the Center for Open Science. Open Materials Badge
Producer	Taishi Muraoka
Depositor	Muraoka, Taishi
Deposit Date	2024-08-12
Data Source	(1) Facebook Pages/Posts by Parties and Candidates: CrowdTangle Team. 2022. CrowdTangle. Facebook, Menlo Park, California, United States. List ID: GlobalPartyList.; (2) First-Language Users by Country and Language: Eberhard, David M, Gary F Simons and Charles D Fennig. 2022. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-Fifth Edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com.; (3) Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization 1: Desmet, Klaus Ignacio Ortuno-Ortin and Romain Wacziarg. 2012. "The Political Economy of Linguistic Cleavages." Journal of Development Economics 97(2):322–338.; (4) Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization 2: Alesina, Alberto, Arnaud Devleeschauwer, William Easterly, Sergio Kurlat and Romain Wacziarg. 2003. "Fractionalization." Journal of Economic Growth 8(2):155–194.; (5) Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization 3: Desmet, Klaus, Shlomo Weber and Ignacio Ortuno-Ortin. 2009. "Linguistic Diversity and Redistribution." Journal of the European Economic Association 7(6):1291–1318.; (6) Electoral Systems: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Luhrmann, Seraphine F Maerz, Kyle L Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Romer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundstrom, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Zilblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v11.1." Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21.; (7) Party Ideologies: Norris, Pippa. 2019. The Global Party Survey, 2019. V1.0. https://www.GlobalPartySurvey.org.

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