Ashley Anderson and Andrea Hill's Comments on "Oil, Islam, and Women"

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Anderson, Ashley and Hill, Andrea, 2010, "Ashley Anderson and Andrea Hill's Comments on "Oil, Islam, and Women"", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OTF0JB, Harvard Dataverse, V1
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Michael Ross' paper "Oil, Islam and Women" (The American Political Science Review, Feb 2008: 102,1, pg 107) has significantly impacted both public debate and social science research on the relationship between Islamic culture and gender equality. It challenges the commonly-held notion that women in the Middle East are repressed because of cultural and religious factors, and instead finds that "women in the Middle East are underrepresented in the workplace and government because of oil". In this article, we use the data from Ross to reassess the impact of oil rents on measures of female influence in society. Our procedure is to replicate the main results of Ross and then examine the impact of changing model specifications and sample frame. We find that one does not have to depart much from Ross' original specifications before oil rents cease to matter in statistical terms. When the data is imputed to correct for list-wise deletion of missing observations, oil rents no longer correlates significantly with female labor force participation. Furthermore, when more recent data are used, we also fail to find a strong correlation between oil rents and political inclusion of women. The same tools used above to highlight the flaws in Ross' original model also revealed a new and unique picture of the variables affected female labor and governmental participation. Specifically, rather than oil being correlated with patriarchy, we found working age, income, and cultural variables, such as being a Middle Eastern country or being a predominantly Islamic country, were powerful predictors of female empowerment. From these findings, we develop an alternative theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between oil, income, culture and female labor and governmental participation. We show how female labor participation and female governmental participation actually move in opposite directions as the wealth of a country increases, but that other variables such as the percentage of the population that is of a working age and the location of the country play important roles as well. (2010-4-29)
Subject Social Sciences
Related Publication Ross, Michael, "Oil, Islam and Women". The American Political Science Review, Feb 2008: 102,1, pg 107.doi: 10.1017/S0003055408080040
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imputeme.R
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Published Apr 28, 2010
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MD5: ec8df6eacd60a5cc8331b3f845738aaa
Imputation Commands
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new data commands.R
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Published Apr 28, 2010
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Commands to run 2003-2006 data
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newwomens.csv
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Published Apr 28, 2010
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MD5: c58fdee53aab6b5ff54f065507efc099
Imputed data for running revised versions of the original models
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owomen.csv
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Published Apr 28, 2010
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MD5: 11965fb579359ad384853e65160fd837
Data for the imputed values
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Replication Commands - All.R
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Published Apr 28, 2010
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MD5: 4a4c160e94b95e7b9e6ca4092f5e63b5
R commands to replicate "Oil, Islam, and Women"
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womdata1.csv
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Published Apr 28, 2010
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MD5: 321d2e315a45b9071d1c42b462fb09d1
Original dataset used by Ross (2008)
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Women in Gov data - 2010.csv
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Published Apr 28, 2010
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MD5: 21de2a0a412ecb4725138b1b94c47b0a
Data needed to run 2003-2006 models
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