Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED)
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Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
Jun 26, 2025
Skaaning, Svend-Erik, 2021, "Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/WPKNIT, Harvard Dataverse, V5
Updated to 2020, extended with new units (overseas colonies), and new variables (political liberties, LIED+, electoral turnover, modes of democratic transition, modes of democratic breakdown)
A Lexicial Index of Electoral Democracy
Mar 29, 2020
Skaaning, Svend-Erik; John Gerring; Henrikas Bartusevicius, 2015, "A Lexicial Index of Electoral Democracy", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/29106, Harvard Dataverse, V6
We operationalize electoral democracy as a series of necessary-and-sufficient conditions arrayed in an ordinal scale. The resulting Lexical index of electoral democracy (LIED), based partly on new data, covers all independent countries of the world from 1800 to 2013. It incorporates binary coding of its sub-components, which are aggregated into an...
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