Latent variable datasets for Gross Domestic Product (GDP), GDP per capita, Surplus Domestic Product, and population. The latent variable modeling framework that expands data coverage (1500 A.D--present) and, by making use of multiple indicators for each variable, provides a principled framework to estimate uncertainty for values for all country-year variables relative to one another. Surplus domestic product (SDP) decomposes subsistence income and surplus income from total GDP. Military expenditure latent variable estimates are also now available.