The American Medical Directories Project seeks to extract physician-level records from a series of archival lists of qualified physicians in the United States. These Directories, published triennially by the American Medical Association, organize physician records by city and county, and provide additional details about physicians’ medical training. In a pilot study, the Project extracted a subset of physician data from the inaugural Directory edition, published in 1906. Expanded and updated datasets, publications, and other resources associated with the Project will be deposited here. The initial dataset arises from research funded by the John Fell Oxford University Press Research Fund and Department of Social Policy and Intervention at the University of Oxford. Access the initial dataset here: https://doi.org/10.25446/oxford.24065709.v2