Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED)
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Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
Jun 26, 2025
Skaaning, Svend-Erik, 2021, "Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/WPKNIT, Harvard Dataverse, V5
Updated to 2020, extended with new units (overseas colonies), and new variables (political liberties, LIED+, electoral turnover, modes of democratic transition, modes of democratic breakdown)
Description of the LIED 6.8 dataset.pdf
Jun 26, 2025 - Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
Adobe PDF - 127.9 KB - MD5: eda0886039da690736f01f34bc3f4af2
Codebook (variable descriptions)
LIED_6.8.xlsx
Jun 26, 2025 - Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
MS Excel Spreadsheet - 2.3 MB - MD5: 05227c415207024d1ec532f62717ad2d
Updated to 2024 and small corrections to scores for previous years based on new information.
LIED_6.6.xlsx
May 15, 2024 - Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
MS Excel Spreadsheet - 2.3 MB - MD5: 4ab8880b56a73196c48d4ae98fd33bad
Update, coverage until 2023
LIED_6.5.xlsx
Jul 31, 2023 - Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
MS Excel Spreadsheet - 2.2 MB - MD5: 3956d28a242f0e9e4f3e789bfdf605fc
LIED updated to 2022
Description of the LIED 6.4 dataset.pdf
Description of the LIED 6.4 dataset.pdf
May 12, 2022 - Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
Adobe PDF - 300.7 KB - MD5: b401698002abd8eb4d4ed15422eb862c
Updated codebook
LIED_6.4.xlsx
May 12, 2022 - Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
MS Excel Spreadsheet - 2.2 MB - MD5: 5555bffa567b231eb0827af61b630c27
Updated to 2021 + include new indicators on electoral turnover and national sovereignty
Description of the LIED dataset v6.pdf
Description of the LIED dataset v6.pdf
Apr 20, 2021 - Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
Adobe PDF - 310.2 KB - MD5: 69305398bf51e0bba417f6c245ef0760
lied_v6.0.xls
Apr 20, 2021 - Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
MS Excel Spreadsheet - 4.6 MB - MD5: bc4ca6c80a9a1af924025de10ed75d42
A Lexicial Index of Electoral Democracy
Mar 29, 2020
Skaaning, Svend-Erik; John Gerring; Henrikas Bartusevicius, 2015, "A Lexicial Index of Electoral Democracy", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/29106, Harvard Dataverse, V6
We operationalize electoral democracy as a series of necessary-and-sufficient conditions arrayed in an ordinal scale. The resulting Lexical index of electoral democracy (LIED), based partly on new data, covers all independent countries of the world from 1800 to 2013. It incorporates binary coding of its sub-components, which are aggregated into an...
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